Atlakviða

The Lay of Atli

Kvädet om Atle

46 stanzas

Summary

A

Atlakviða is considered one of the oldest and most archaic Eddic poems, with possible roots in 9th-century Germanic poetry. It tells of Atli (Attila the Hun king) who invites Gunnarr and Högni to his court.

Guðrún sends a warning (a ring wrapped in wolf-hair). The brothers know it is a trap yet ride anyway. Battle breaks out. Gunnarr and Högni fight heroically yet are captured.

Atli demands the Nibelung gold. Gunnarr refuses until Högni's heart is brought. A thrall's heart is shown first (it trembles); then Högni's heart (it lies still). Gunnarr laughs: now he alone knows where the gold lies. He is cast into the serpent-pit.

Guðrún's vengeance: she kills her own sons by Atli, serves him their blood in skull-cups and their hearts as meat. She reveals what he has eaten, stabs him in his bed, and sets fire to the hall. The poem ends with a declaration of Guðrún's fame.

The story

Gunar ok Hǫgnahét heim at sérAtli inn ríki,sendir fram rekka;Knéfrøðr hét sá,er til konungs fór,sat at öllumarni kœldum.
Gunnarr and Högnithe mighty Atlibid to come home to him,sent warriors forth;Knéfrøðr was his namewho journeyed to the king,sat at the coldhearth in the hall.

English translation: own translation.

Hann drakk þar um kvelditmeð Gjúka sonum,þótt ósæll væriorð at segja;réðu þeir fúslegarfarrar sínarGunnarr ok Hǫgni,við Grímhildar beiðir.
He drank there at eveningwith the sons of Gjúki,though unhappy werethe words he had to say;they took counsel willinglyabout their journeyGunnarr and Högni,before the sons of Grímhildr.

English translation: own translation.

Þá kvað þat Knéfrøðr,kaldri rǫddu:'Atli mik hingatsendi at yðr,riðit of markarmunar vega,biðr yðr, Gunnarr,á bekkinn hans koma.'
Then Knéfrøðr spokewith a cold voice:'Atli sent mehere to you,riding through forestsand longed-for roads,he asks you, Gunnarr,to come to his bench.'

English translation: own translation.

Hjálmar ok brynjur,ok þar til hesta,skjǫldu rauðviðraok skaft askanna,gullbúnar gunnfánarok Húna folk;vill hann þér gefa,Gunnarr, gǫfugt ríki.
Helmets and byrnies,and horses besides,shields of red-woodand shafts of ash,gold-adorned war-bannersand the folk of the Huns;he wishes to give you,Gunnarr, a noble realm.

English translation: own translation.

Svá sendi Guðrúngǫrva til þeiraulfhéðins baugrá ulfs líðu:þar var viðr bundinnvargreini á,Gunnarr hafðitat ganga forð.
So Guðrún sentin readiness to thema ring wound with wolf-hairin the manner of a wolf-slide:there was bound to ita wolf-twig,Gunnarr hadto go onward.

English translation: own translation.

Fann þat Gunnarr,hvat fjǫlkunnig sagði,grundvǫllr Níflungrgullinn þrumir:skyldu þeir þar bítabenja svá,ef þeir þangat fœritil fundar Atla.
Gunnarr understoodwhat the wise one had said,the Niflungar's foundationof gold resounded:they would suffer woundsin such a manner,if they journeyed thereto the meeting with Atli.

English translation: own translation.

Ríðr Gunnarrat rúnum Hǫgna:'Þú ert mér rǫðull,ráð þú mér þetta;bréf sendi Atlibaugar rauðu,heim at hittaskHúna þjóðar.'
Gunnarr rodeto Högni's counsel:'You are my sun,advise me on this;Atli sent a letterand red rings,to meet at homethe people of the Huns.'

English translation: own translation.

Svá mælti Hǫgni,hugr var hávaðr:'Hví ert þú svá feginn,Gunnarr, ferðar þessar?Ek hygg at oss líkariljóna dœmien at ríki Atlaríkis njóta.'
So spoke Högni,his spirit was resolute:'Why are you so glad,Gunnarr, about this journey?I think our fate more likethat of lionsthan to enjoy powerin Atli's realm.'

English translation: own translation.

Knéfrøðr kvað þatkaldri rǫddu:'Vér skulum ríðarǫstu þrjár',Gunnarr at ganga,ef hann ganga vildi,ok sjá Atlaok hans dóttir.'
Knéfrøðr said itwith a cold voice:'We shall ridethree day-stages',Gunnarr to goif he wished to go,and see Atliand his daughter.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarr,gumna dróttinn:'Fara skulum vér, Hǫgni,hvat sem fram komi,sjám hvé sésuðr at Atla;vel munu þar flestirí farar þínar.'
Then Gunnarr spoke,lord of men:'We shall go, Högni,whatever comes to pass,let us see how it isin the south with Atli;many shall surely followwith you on the journey.'

English translation: own translation.

Ríðr Gunnarrok Hǫgni þar,ok þeira brœðr,þeir's saman ríðu;Guthormr ok Garðarrok Glaumvör góð,Vingi ok Knéfrøðrá vegum fóru.
Gunnarr rodeand Högni there,and their brotherswho rode together;Guthormr and Garðarrand good Glaumvör,Vingi and Knéfrøðrwent on the roads.

English translation: own translation.

Líðu af landilindar hlíðar,hristusk við himinHúna markar;reið of rǫstirrǫðuls skeið,kómu at hǫll Atla,heiðar þjóðar.
They left the land'slinden slopes,the forests of the Hunsshook against the sky;they rode the stagesalong the sun's path,came to Atli's hall,the bright people's.

English translation: own translation.

Þá kvað þat Vingi,er varir urðu:'Þér fér ek ferðtil fjanda yðvars;þess mun ek biðjabeygðir eikr,at hér gangiá gálga upp.'
Then Vingi spoke,when they grew wary:'I led your journeyto your enemy;this I ask for myself,bent oaks,that here I go upon the gallows.'

English translation: own translation.

Lét Hǫgni hann þáaf lífi fara,gáfu þeir Vingivindar brúðr;börðusk þeir drengirok drukku síðan,þeirrar kveldarkœnar saman.
Högni then let himdepart from life,they gave Vingithe bride of the winds;the warriors foughtand drank afterward,that eveningbold together.

English translation: own translation.

Guðrún þá grétgullmens vanir,sá hon þær brœðrór borgar ganga;kvað hon þá niðjarnema þeir þurfugóðra gjaldaganga þegar.
Guðrún wept thendeprived of the gold necklace,she saw the brotherswalking out of the stronghold;she said that kinsmenunless they neededworthy recompenseshould leave at once.

English translation: own translation.

Hlífðu þeir sérhilmis rǫgnum,brynjur þjónsbitu þá hvǫss eggjum;stigu á salstáli bundnar,var þar Atliá ísarnbekk.
They shielded themselveswith the ruler's arms,byrnies bittenby keen edges;they stepped into the hallbound in steel,there was Atlion the iron bench.

English translation: own translation.

Hét Atli þáinn at gangaþræla sinnaþá er þorðu:'Viljum vér yðrvargar bíta,ef þér gefiðgull þat er Fáfnir átti.'
Atli commanded thenhis thrallsto go in to them,those who dared:'We will let wolvesbite you,if you do not give upthe gold that Fáfnir owned.'

English translation: own translation.

Svá mælti Gunnarrgumna dróttinn:'Hjartat Hǫgnaþú munt fá í hendi,blóðugt, or brjóstibǫlvíss gramr,knífr skarpr keyra,konungs sonar.'
So spoke Gunnarr,lord of men:'Högni's heartyou will have in your hand,bloody, from the breastof the ill-fated ruler,a sharp knife drivingfrom the king's son.'

English translation: own translation.

Skáru þeir þáHjallans hjarta,blóðugt bǫruá björg upp;sýndusk þeirGunnari þá,en Gunnarr þatglíkast þótti.
They then cut outHjalli's heart,bloody they bore itup on the dish;they showed itto Gunnarr then,but Gunnarr thoughtit resembled most.

English translation: own translation.

Lítt er þettalíkast hjarta Hǫgna,mjǫk er þat skjálfanda,svá er þat ráðit;skǫlfu þat mjǫker á skáli lá,heldr mun skjalfaen hjarta Hǫgna.'
'Little does thisresemble Högni's heart,greatly it trembles,such is its nature;it trembled greatlywhen it lay on the dish,it trembles all the morethan Högni's heart would.'

English translation: own translation.

Hló Hǫgnier til hjarta skárukvikvan kumblasmið,kœnn var hann at þessu;blóðugt bǫruá björg upp,sýndusk þeir Gunnariþat er satt var.
Högni laughedwhen they cut the heartfrom the living warrior,he was used to such things;bloody they bore itup on the dish,they showed Gunnarrthat which was true.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kvað Gunnarr,góðr til orrostu:'Hjarta Hǫgnahér sé ek líkast;lítt er þat skjálfanda,sem lá þar dautt,mjǫk skalf þater mun kviktt vera.'
Gunnarr said it,good in battle:'Högni's heartI see here most like;little does it tremble,as it lay there dead,greatly did the other tremblethat must have been living.'

English translation: own translation.

Nú em ek einnNiflungr lifandi,eigi þarf ekvið Atla deila;Rínn mun ráðarǫðuls skíni,þær munu gull Niflungageyma lengi.
Now am I alonethe Niflungr living,I need notshare with Atli;the Rhine shall ruleover the sun's gleam,it shall guard the Niflungar's goldfor a long time.

English translation: own translation.

Hlæjandi Guðrúngekk til hyrjar,gaf gríðarsvinGunni at eta;þá gerði hon kaldrKnéfrøðs húnn,blóð bar hon í keriblöndu saman.
Laughing, Guðrúnwent to the fire,gave bold swinefor Gunnarr to eat;then she cooledKnéfrøðr's goblet,blood she bore in the cupblended together.

English translation: own translation.

Né fregn Atliillt of gefit;Hunska drukkuhjörtu tveggjá.Sagði GuðrúnGjúka dóttir:'Hefr þú, Atli,hogna barni?'
Atli suspected notthe evil given him;the Huns drankthe hearts of two.Guðrún said,Gjuki's daughter:'Have you, Atli,Högni's children?'

English translation: own translation.

Hnipnaði Atliok hugðisk at þvísa;rammr var hann í líkiok réðsk at at skilja.Glöð var Guðrún,gat hon þessa fréttar,sagði honum meirrmeina sinna.
Atli bent his headand pondered on this;strong was he in bodyand sought to understand.Glad was Guðrún,that she could tell him this,she told him moreof her evil deeds.

English translation: own translation.

'Þú hefr, gramr góðr,gerva þetta,svá er mér sögðsorg at þola;drakkt, inu díri,dreyra barna,blóð Eitilsok Erps líka.'
'You have, good king,brought this about,so have I been told,sorrow to endure;you drank, dear one,the blood of children,the blood of Eitilland of Erpr likewise.'

English translation: own translation.

Þú munt, hilmir,hér við sitjaok við Erp líð,aldri njóta;sjá kná Atliá sér fáglygg ok grát,ef guð vildi.
You shall, prince,sit hereand of Erpr's companynever take pleasure;Atli can seefalling upon himselfstorm and weeping,if the gods so willed.

English translation: own translation.

Þá kvað þat Atli,Engils niðr:'Grimmr ert þú, Guðrún,er þú þetta gerir;drekkat þú dreyradóttir mínar,hlaut þú sorgiraf slíkum verkum.'
Then Atli spoke,Engill's descendant:'Cruel are you, Guðrún,to do this;your daughters' bloodyou do not drink,you have brought sorrowby such deeds.'

English translation: own translation.

Hlógu þar Húnar,en Guðrún grét,fýstisk at innafleiri sorgir;segja GuðrúnGjúka dótturharm Gunnarsok Haugna fall.
The Huns laughed thereand Guðrún wept,she longed to tellmore of her sorrows;to tell of Guðrún,Gjuki's daughter,Gunnarr's anguishand Högni's fall.

English translation: own translation.

Hljótt gerðisk í höll,er hon þetta mælti:'Gunnarr leitaðitljóss at kjósa;hrísla hyrrhann í sal brendi,þar er hann sat íslöngvum goldit.'
Silence fell in the hallwhen she spoke these words:'Gunnarr sought notlight to choose;fire from brushwoodburned him in the hall,there where he satrepaid with serpents.'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mun Atlialdregi friðaskvið Gjúka born,gott af þér fá;hugðak, at Gunnarrgœddi þik,en nú kenn ek þikkaldra ráða.
Atli can neverbe reconciledwith Gjuki's children,get good from you;I thought that Gunnarrhad blessed you,but now I know youfor cold counsels.

English translation: own translation.

Gakk nú, Atli,til gagarótar,finnr þú Gunnarí gálga höndum;hár er hann hengðrí hjörvi þínum,opt mun Gunnarrganga á Hel leið.
Go now, Atli,to the gallows-root,you will find Gunnarrin the gallows' hands;high is he hungby your sword,often shall Gunnarrwalk the road to Hel.

English translation: own translation.

Hugðak, at Guðrúngœddi þik,en nú sék ek þigslævar brýni;mantu, Atli,er við mik settuskok svárt línumsaman þvógu?
I thought that Guðrúnhad blessed you,but now I see youwhetting the blade;do you remember, Atli,when we sat togetherand dark linenwe washed together?

English translation: own translation.

Þá fór Guðrún,grams kván in ríka,til svefnsalar,þar er svaf Atli;nam hon þar sverðsorgfull at taka,lagði hon Atlalífi undan.
Then Guðrún went,the mighty king's wife,to the sleeping hall,where Atli lay sleeping;she took there a swordsorrowful in the taking,she stabbed Atlibeneath life.

English translation: own translation.

Vaknaði Atliok nam at mæla,áðr sár grœr:'Hvárt er hér',hvat er her gerask?Þér munikþig at þessu verðr.'
Atli wakenedand began to speak,before the wound was healed:'Who is here,what is happening here?You will be obliged to mefor this.'

English translation: own translation.

'Ek hefi þik,Atli, oftar klœkt,þú gafk mérgráts ok kvíða;þú hefr Gjúka borngerva myrðan,Gunnar ok Hogna,gulli ráðit.'
'I have, Atli,often hurt you,you gave megrief and anguish;you have Gjuki's childrenwholly murdered,Gunnarr and Högni,ruled by gold.'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti Atli,enn atali:'Þér munk, Guðrún,gagn til gjalda,brenna látabál at húsi,bíðr til lífs,þat er betra þér.'
Atli said,the fierce one:'I will, Guðrún,give you what you have earned,have a pyre burnedby the house,await life,that is better for you.'

English translation: own translation.

'Þér líðr nú,Atli, líf undan;eigi mun þúat illum þiggja;ek man þéræva þat gjalda;ger ek nú minná mik munat.'
'You are losing now,Atli, your life;never shall youreceive the evil;I shall for younever pay that;I do now my own --on me it relies not.'

English translation: own translation.

Lét hon þá brennabúðir Niflunga,vekja let honvánar þræla;gaf hon í eldinum öldnum,öll er svá þjóðþar inni brann.
She then had burnedthe Niflungar's dwellings,she had wakenedthe hopeful thralls;she gave to the firethe aged ones,all that peopleburned inside there.

English translation: own translation.

Spyrja máttu,hverr slíkt gorðitefna þat þá,er þörf kveðr;brá Guðrúnbjört logaok svikinn hlautsveinn at deyja.
You may ask,who did such a thingand carry it through then,as need commands;Guðrún struckbright flamesand betrayed was madea youth to die.

English translation: own translation.

Þá kvoðu þatþrælar Atla,þeir er ór brunnikvómu bratt útan:'Forn er sú frægt,es frumverðar er,frásögn þessium Fáfnis golf.'
Then saidthe thralls of Atli,those who from the firecame quickly out:'Old is that famewhich is of first deeds,this taleof Fáfnir's floor.'

English translation: own translation.

Fólk fell þar,flest þeira,ok þær kona,kvenna friðast;fór hon til Húnahylðisk þar víð,manndráp mikitmegnar Guðrún.
The people fell there,most of them,and those women,the fairest of women;she traveled to the Hunsand hid herself among them,a great man-slayingGuðrún accomplished.

English translation: own translation.

Fyrr er þat sagten seinna bregðr,hverr er hógværrheims við þrekinn;fá mun ek þérfrásagnir þessar,þat er allraœðst konunga.
Earlier is it toldthan it is delayed,whoever is gentlebefore the world's mighty;I shall give youthese tales,that which of allis greatest among kings.

English translation: own translation.

Ek hefi þettaheyrt kvið kveðinn,marga mennum minn harm;fregna mér þykirfrjálsra manna,nema nökkuranennisk at segja.
I have heard thislay recited,many menabout my sorrow;it seems to me to askof free men,save some fewwho have the will to tell.

English translation: own translation.

Má ek þessameira segja,meiri sorgen máttik þola;þat er Guðrúnargørst at segja,þeira kvennaer konur kuðu.
I can of thistell more,greater sorrowthan I was able to endure;it is of Guðrúnclearest to say,among those womenwhom women knew.

English translation: own translation.

Key concepts

  • Atli , the poetic reflection of Attila the Hun king (d. 453); his greed drives the plot
  • Gunnarr , the hero who would rather die in the serpent-pit than reveal the gold's hiding place
  • Guðrún , the avenger whose terrible retribution closes the poem
  • Niflungar , the gold's owners; the treasure sunk in the Rhine drives the entire conflict

Interpretive traditions

A What we know

Atlakviða is preserved in Codex Regius and is considered by most scholars to be one of the oldest Eddic poems, possibly from the 9th-10th century.

The poem's archaic language, short strophic form, and concentrated style distinguish it markedly from the younger Sigurðr poems.

The connection to the historical Attila (d. 453) and the Burgundian destruction (436) gives the poem a historical anchoring reaching further back than most Eddic poems.

The heart-test (the trembling thrall-heart vs. the still hero-heart) is one of the most famous motifs in Germanic heroic poetry.

B What we think we know

Whether the poem was composed in Norway, in Greenland (as the title 'hin grœnlenzka' in one variant suggests), or in the British Isles is debated. The archaic language supports an early dating regardless of place of origin.

The relationship between Guðrún's role in Atlakviða (avenger of her brothers) and in the German Nibelungenlied (where she causes the brothers' death) represents a fundamental split in the Germanic heroic tradition.

C What we do not know

The exact historical core behind the Burgundian destruction and Attila's role in it cannot be fully reconstructed with current evidence; the Latin sources (Jordanes, Priscus) provide fragmentary and partly contradictory information.

Sources and further reading

Primary sources

  • Neckel, Gustav, och Hans Kuhn. 1983. Edda: Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern. 5. uppl. Heidelberg: Winter.

Translations

  • Bellows, Henry Adams (trans.). 1923. The Poetic Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. (PD)
  • Larrington, Carolyne (trans.). 2014. The Poetic Edda. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Scholarly works

  • Lindow, John. 2001. Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Simek, Rudolf. 1993. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Angela Hall. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
  • de Vries, Jan. 1956–1957. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte. 2 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  • Turville-Petre, E. O. G. 1964. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Clunies Ross, Margaret. 1994–1998. Prolonged Echoes: Old Norse Myths in Medieval Northern Society, vols. I–II. Odense: Odense University Press.