Hávamál

The Sayings of the High One

Den höges tal

A hundred and sixty-four stanzas of wisdom, counsel, myth, and magic songs, placed in Odin's mouth

Summary

A

Hávamál ("The Sayings of the High One") is a collection of at least five sub-texts joined under Odin's voice. The oldest core is the Gestaþáttr ("guest's section", st. 1-79), a collection of life-counsel on hospitality, caution, friendship, and moderation. Two narrative passages follow in which Odin speaks in the first person: the betrayal at Billing's maiden (st. 96-102) and the deception of Gunnlöð to win the mead of poetry (st. 104-110).

Loddfáfnismál (st. 111-137) is addressed to a certain Loddfáfnir and gives practical life-advice in a form resembling the Gestaþáttr but with a more explicitly didactic address. Rúnatal (st. 138-145) tells of Odin's self-hanging on Yggdrasil and his winning of the runes. Ljóðatal (st. 146-164) enumerates eighteen magic songs that Odin commands, without revealing their content.

The poem is the longest in the Poetic Edda and the most difficult to date as a whole, since its parts probably have different origins. The Gestaþáttr has parallels in Germanic and Indo-European wisdom literature. Rúnatal carries features of shamanistic sacrifice. Ljóðatal resembles catalogue poetry. The compilation in Codex Regius gives the poem a unified voice nonetheless: everything is Odin's speech.

The story

Gáttir allar,áðr gangi fram,um skoðask skyli,um skyggnask skyli,þvít óvíst er at vitahvar óvinirsitja á fleti fyrir.
All doorwaysbefore you step forwardyou should look through,you should peer about,for uncertain is the knowingwhere enemiessit already in the hall.

English translation: own translation.

Gefendr heilir!Gestr er inn kominn,hvar skal sitja sjá?Mjök er bráðrsá er á bröndum skalsíns of freista frama.
Givers, hail!A guest has come in,where should this one sit?Very hasty isthe one who at the fire-brands musttest his own fortune.

English translation: own translation.

Elds er þörfþeims inn er kominnok á kné kalinn;matar ok váðaer manni þörf,þeim er hefr um fjall farit.
Fire is neededby the one who has come inand chilled to the knees;food and clothesa man requireswho has traveled over mountains.

English translation: own translation.

Vatns er þörfþeim er til verðar kemr,þerru ok þjóðlaðar,góðs of æðis,ef sér geta mætti,orðs ok endrþögu.
Water is neededfor the one who comes to a feast,a towel and a warm welcome,a good disposition,if he might obtain it,speech and answering silence.

English translation: own translation.

Vits er þörfþeim er víða ratar;dælt er heima hvat;at augabragði verðrsá er ekki kannok með snotrum sitr.
Wits are neededby the one who travels widely;easy is everything at home;a laughingstock becomesthe one who knows nothingand sits among the wise.

English translation: own translation.

At hyggjandi sinniskyli-t maðr hræsinn vera,heldr gætinn at geði;þá er horskr ok þögullkemr heimisgarða til,sjaldan verðr víti vörum,þvít óbrigðra vinfær maðr aldregien mannvit mikit.
About his own understandinga man should not be boastful,rather cautious in spirit;when the wise and silent mancomes to the homesteadharm seldom strikes the watchful,for a more trusty frienda man never gainsthan great common sense.

English translation: own translation.

Inn vari gestrer til verðar kemr,þunnu hljóði þegir,eyrum hlýðir,en augum skoðar;svá nýsisk fróðra hverr fyrir.
The cautious guestwho comes to the feastkeeps silent with quiet speech,listens with his earsand watches with his eyes;that is how each wise man makes himself known.

English translation: own translation.

Hinn er sæller sér of getrlof ok líknstafi;ódælla er við þater maðr eiga skalannars brjóstum í.
Happy is the onewho gains for himselfpraise and goodwill;harder to manage is whata man must keepwithin another's breast.

English translation: own translation.

Sá er sæller sjálfr of álof ok vit meðan lifir,þvít ill ráðhefr maðr oft þegitannars brjóstum ór.
Happy is the onewho himself possessespraise and wisdom while he lives,for bad counsela man has often receivedfrom another's breast.

English translation: own translation.

Byrði betriberrat maðr brautu aten sé mannvit mikit;auði betraþykkir þat í ókunnum stað,slíkt er válaðs vera.
A better burdena man carries not on the roadthan great common sense;better than wealthit seems in an unknown place,such is the stay of the destitute.

English translation: own translation.

Byrði betriberrat maðr brautu aten sé mannvit mikit;vegnest verravegr-at hann velli aten sé ofdrykkja öls.
A better burdena man carries not on the roadthan great common sense;worse provisionshe carries not into the fieldthan too much drinking of ale.

English translation: own translation.

Era svá góttsem gótt kveðaöl alda sonum,þvít færa veiter fleira drekkrsíns til geðs gumi.
Not as goodas it is called goodis ale for the sons of men,for the man knows lesswho drinks moreabout the workings of his own mind.

English translation: own translation.

Óminnishegri heitirsá er yfir öldrum þrumir,hann stelr geði guma;þess fugls fjöðrumek fjötraðr varkí garði Gunnlaðar.
Heron of forgetfulness is namedthe one that hovers over drinkers,he steals the minds of men;with that bird's feathersI was fetteredin Gunnlöð's court.

English translation: own translation.

Ölr ek varð,varð ofrölvi,at ins fróða Fjalars;þvít bezt er ölat aftr um heimtirhverr sitt geð gumi.
Drunk I was,was overfull of drink,at wise Fjalar's hall;for the best ale isthat which brings back to each manhis own understanding.

English translation: own translation.

Þagalt ok hugaltskyli þjóðans barnok vígdjarft vera;glaðr ok reifrskyli gumna hverrunz sinn bíðr bana.
Silent and thoughtfulshould a king's son beand bold in battle;glad and cheerfulshould every man beuntil he meets his death.

English translation: own translation.

Ósnjallr maðrhyggsk munu ey lifa,ef hann við víg varask;en elli gefrhánum engi frið,þótt hánum geirar gefi.
A cowardly manthinks he will always liveif he keeps away from battle;but old age grantshim no peaceeven if spears spare him.

English translation: own translation.

Kópir afglapier til kynnis kemr,þylsk hann um eða þrumir;allt er senn,ef hann sylg of getr,uppi er þá geð guma.
The fool gapeswhen he comes to visit,mumbles to himself or sulks;everything changesif he gets a swallow,then the man's spirit shows itself.

English translation: own translation.

Sá einn veiter víða ratarok hefr fjölð of farit,hvers geðs er maðr,sá er vitandi er,á sér um þekkr.
That one alone knowswho has traveled widelyand journeyed much,what kind of mind a man has,the one who is wisehas wisdom about himself.

English translation: own translation.

Haldi-t maðr á keri,drekki þó at hófi mjöð,mæli þarft eða þegi;kynni þér engi maðrþess er þú at undan ferrat þú gangir snemma at sofa.
Let a man not grip the cup,drink mead in moderation,say something useful or be silent;no man will fault youfor that which you avoidwhen you go early to sleep.

English translation: own translation.

Gráðugr halr,nema geðs viti,etr sér aldrtrega;oft fær hlægiser meðal horskra kemrmanni heimskr magi.
A greedy man,if he does not know himself,eats his way to lifelong sorrow;often laughter is earnedwhen a foolish bellyleads a man among the wise.

English translation: own translation.

Hjarðir þat vitunær þær heim skulu,ok fara þá af grasi;en ósviðr maðrkann ævagisíns of mál mikit.
The herds knowwhen they should go home,and they leave the grass then;but the unwise mannever knowshis own measure.

English translation: own translation.

Vesall maðrok illa skapihlær at hvívetna;hittki hann veiter hann vita þyrfti,at hann er-at vamma vanr.
A wretched manwith bad characterlaughs at everything;he does not knowwhat he ought to know,that he is not free of faults.

English translation: own translation.

Ósviðr maðrvakir um allar nætrok hyggr at hvívetna;þá er móðrer at morgni kemr,allt er víl sem var.
An unwise manlies awake all nightand broods over everything;then he is wearywhen morning comes,and all is as bad as before.

English translation: own translation.

Ósnotr maðrhyggr sér alla veraviðhlæjendr vini;hittki hann finnr,þótt þeir um hann fár lesi,ef hann með snotrum sitr.
The unwise manthinks all who smile at himare his friends;he does not notice,even if they speak ill of him,when he sits among the wise.

English translation: own translation.

Ósnotr maðrhyggr sér alla veraviðhlæjendr vini;þá hann þat finnrer at þingi kemrat hann á formælendr fáa.
The unwise manthinks all who smile at himare his friends;then he finds it outwhen he comes to the assemblythat he has few who speak for him.

English translation: own translation.

Ósnotr maðrþykkisk allt vitaef hann á sér í vá verðr;hittki hann veithvat hann skal við kveðaef hans freista firar.
The unwise manthinks he knows everythingif he finds himself safe;he knows nothingwhat he should say in answerif people put him to the test.

English translation: own translation.

Ósnotr maðr,er meðal manna kemr,þat er bazt at hann þegi;engi þat veitat hann ekki kann,nema hann mæli til mart;veit-a maðr,hinn er vætki veit,þótt hann mæli til mart.
The unwise man,when he comes among people,it is best that he stays silent;no one knowsthat he knows nothing,unless he speaks too much;a man does not know,the one who knows nothing,even though he speaks too much.

English translation: own translation.

Fróðr sá þykkisker fregna kannok segja hit sama;eyvitar leynamegu ýta synirþess er gengr of guma.
Wise seems the onewho can ask questionsand repeat the same;nothing can the sons of menconcealof what passes among people.

English translation: own translation.

Orðum skiptaþeirs ætla deyjaalls iðja mann of írar;mér þykkir betrof þegit hafaen svá of mælt hafa mart.
Words he exchanges,the one who thinks he will die,about everything that troubles a man;to me it seems betterto have stayed silentthan to have said too much.

English translation: own translation.

Þverfagr göriskþjóðans sonr,er kemr ór kynni frá,þó sér hann slíktsem sér á heimili,er hann lýðr at lágu lítr.
Sharp-witted becomesa king's sonwhen he returns from abroad,if he sees such thingsas he sees at home,when he looks down toward the low.

English translation: own translation.

Gáttir allar,áðr gangi fram,um skoðask skyli;þvít óvíst er at vitahvar óvinirsitja á fleti fyrir.
All doorwaysbefore going forwardone should scan;for uncertain is the knowingwhere enemiesare sitting in the hall ahead.

English translation: own translation.

Gistingar góðarþiggjask glaðir,nema sé at gagni gert;matsœkinn maðrer sér of þreifsk,þat er hans lífs lok.
Good lodgingsare received with gladness,unless they are given with ill intent;the food-greedy manwho grabs for himself,that is the end of his life.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:við firna drykkdrekk þú aldregi,vid konu annars þú aldregilegg þik at lági.
I counsel you, Loddfafnir,and you take the counsel,you will profit if you take it,good will come to you if you get it:of forbidden drinknever drink,with another man's wifenever lie down.

English translation: own translation.

Fjár er betrþótt lítit sé,en sé allt of fé fengit;vel er þesser þiggja þarfgott er heima hvat.
Better it isthough it be little,than if all were got badly;well off is the onewho has to receive,good is whatever is at home.

English translation: own translation.

Deyr fé,deyja frændr,deyr sjálfr it sama;en orðstírrdeyr aldregihveim er sér góðan getr.
Cattle die,kinsmen die,oneself dies the same;but the famenever diesfor the one who wins himself a good one.

English translation: own translation.

Deyr fé,deyja frændr,deyr sjálfr it sama;ek veit einn,at aldrei deyr:dómr um dauðan hvern.
Cattle die,kinsmen die,oneself dies the same;I know one thingthat never dies:the judgment on each one who has died.

English translation: own translation.

Fullar grindrsá ek fyr Fitjungs sonum,nú bera þeir vánarvöl;svá er auðrsem augabragð,hann er flattmæltastur vina.
Full enclosuresI saw at Fitjung's sons,now they carry a beggar's staff;such is wealthas a blink of the eye,it is the most fickle of friends.

English translation: own translation.

Ósnotr maðr,ef eignask getrfé eða fljóðs munúð,metnaðr hánum þróasken mannvit ekki,framt gengr hann í dul.
The unwise man,if he manages to gainwealth or a woman's favor,vanity grows in himbut understanding does not,he walks deeper into self-delusion.

English translation: own translation.

Þat er þá reynter þú at rúnum spyrrinum reginkunnum,þeim er gerðu ginnreginok fáði fimbulþulr,þá hefr hann bazt ef hann þegir.
That is provenwhen you ask about the runesof divine origin,those which the mighty powers madeand the great sage carved,he fares best who stays silent.

English translation: own translation.

At kveldi skal dag leyfa,konu er brennd er,mæki er reyndr er,mey er gefin er,ís er yfir kemr,öl er drukkit er.
In the evening praise the day,a woman when she is burned,a sword when it is tested,a maiden when she is given,ice when it bears weight,ale when it is drunk.

English translation: own translation.

Vápnum sínumskal-a maðr velli áfeti ganga framar;þvíat óvíst er at vitanær verðr á vegum útigeirs um þörf guma.
Without his weaponsa man should never goa step beyond his door;for no one knows for certainwhen need will arisefor a spear out on the road.

English translation: own translation.

Fann ek at öðrum manniat vínum sínumsvan ok örn,þat ek sjalfr né sé;hygg ek at þat munvera míns munns ok hjarta.
I found in another manamong his friendsswan and eagle,what I myself do not see;I believe that it comesfrom my own mouth and heart.

English translation: own translation.

Fisk veiðir maðrmeðr mikinn knif,þótt lítinn hafi;kinn þarf karlmaðrkunnigs at hafa,þvíat kvenna ertu mestr.
A man catches fishwith a large knife,though he carries a small one;a man needsto have knowledge,for women's favour is the greatest.

English translation: own translation.

Vin sínumskal maðr vinr veraok gjalda gjöf við gjöf;hlátr við hlátriskyli hölðar taka,en lausung við lygi.
To his frienda man should be a friendand give gift for gift;laughter for laughtershould a man receive,and falsehood for lies.

English translation: own translation.

Vin sínumskal maðr vinr vera,þeim ok þess vin;en óvinar sínsskyli engi maðrvinar vinr vera.
To his frienda man should be a friend,to him and to his friend;but no man should bea friend to hisenemy's friend.

English translation: own translation.

Veiztu, ef þú vin átt,þann er þú vel trúir,ok vill þú af honum gótt geta,geði skaltu við þann blandaok gjöfum skipta,fara at finna opt.
Know this: if you have a friendwhom you trust fullyand wish to get good from him,you must blend your mind with hisand exchange gifts,go often to find him.

English translation: own translation.

Ungr var ek forðum,fór ek einn saman,þá varð ek villr vega;auðigr þóttumk,er ek annan fann,maðr er manns gaman.
Young I was once,I walked alone,then I lost my way;rich I thought myselfwhen I found another man,a person is a person's joy.

English translation: own translation.

Mildir, góðirmenn lifa bezt,sjaldan sút ala;en ósnjallr maðruggir hotvetna,sýtir æ við gjöfum.
Generous, goodmen live best,they seldom nurse sorrow;but the timid manfears everything,and always frets about gifts.

English translation: own translation.

Váðir mínargaf ek velli attveim trémönnum;rekkar þeir þóttusk,er þeir rift höfðu,neiss er nökkvíðr halr.
My garmentsI gave in the fieldto two wooden men;heroes they thought themselveswhen they had shirts,a naked man is ashamed.

English translation: own translation.

Hrörnar þöll,sú er stendr þorpi á,hlýr-at henni börkr né barr;svá er maðr,sá er manngi ann,hvat skal hann lengi lifa?
A fir-tree withers,the one that stands on the farm's edge,bark and needles protect it not;so is the manwhom no one loves,why should he live long?

English translation: own translation.

Eldi heitaribrennr með illum vinumfrið fimm daga;en þá sloknar,er inn sétti kemr,ok versnar allr vinskapr.
Hotter than firethe peace burns among bad friendsfor five days;then it dies outwhen the sixth day comesand all the friendship sours.

English translation: own translation.

Mikit eittskala manni gefa,lof er oft lítlu kaup;með hálfum hleifok með höllu kerifekk ek mér félaga.
A great thingneed not be given,praise is often bought cheaply;with half a loafand with a tilted cupI got myself a companion.

English translation: own translation.

Lítilla sandalítilla sævalítil eru geð guma;þvíat allir mennurðu-t jafnspakir,hálf er öld hvers.
Small the sands,small the seas,small are men's minds;for not all menhave become equally wise,each man's life is half spent.

English translation: own translation.

Meðalsnotrskyli manna hverr,æva til snotr sé;þeim er fyrðafegrst at lifa,er vel margt vitu.
Moderately wiseshould every man be,never too wise;for thoselive most pleasantlywho know just enough.

English translation: own translation.

Meðalsnotrskyli manna hverr,æva til snotr sé;þvíat snotrs manns hjartaverðr sjaldan glatt,ef sá er alsnotr er á.
Moderately wiseshould every man be,never too wise;for the heart of the all-knowing manis seldom glad,if he is fully wise.

English translation: own translation.

Meðalsnotrskyli manna hverr,æva til snotr sé;ørlög sínviti engi fyrir,þeim er sorgalausastr sefi.
Moderately wiseshould every man be,never too wise;his fateshould no one know beforehand,that mind is most free from sorrow.

English translation: own translation.

Brandr af brandibrenn, unz brunninn er,funi kveikisk af funa;maðr af manniverðr at máli kuðr,en til dælskr af dulinn.
Brand kindles from branduntil it has burned down,flame is lit from flame;a man comes to know a manthrough speech,but the silent one stays unknown.

English translation: own translation.

Ár skal rísa,sá er annars villfé eða fjör hafa;sjaldan liggjandi úlfrlætr sér í hendur þiggja,né sofandi maðr sigr.
Early shall he risewho wishes to have another'swealth or life;seldom does a lying wolfget prey into its paws,or a sleeping man victory.

English translation: own translation.

Ár skal rísa,sá er á yrkjendr fá,ok ganga síns verks á vit;margt um dvelrþann er um morgin sefr,hálfr er auðr und hvötum.
Early shall he risewho has few labourers,and go to see to his work;much is delayedfor the one who sleeps in the morning,wealth is half-won by the swift.

English translation: own translation.

Þurra skíðaok þakinna næfraþess kann maðr mjöt,þess viðarer vinnask máheima hverr um haust.
Of dry kindlingand of laid roof-barka man knows the measure,of the woodthat can be gatheredat home in autumn.

English translation: own translation.

Þveginn ok mettrríði maðr þingi at,þótt hann sé-at búinn at best;skúa ok brókaskammisk engi maðrné hests in heldr þótt hann sé-at góðr.
Washed and fedlet a man ride to the assembly,though he be not best attired;his shoes and breecheslet no man be ashamed of,nor of his horse, though it be not fine.

English translation: own translation.

Snapir ok gnapir,er til sævar kemr,örn á aldinn mar;svá er maðr,er með mörgum kemrok á formælendr fá.
It snaps and cranes forwardwhen it comes to the sea,the eagle over the ancient deep;so is the manwho comes among manyand has few to speak for him.

English translation: own translation.

Fregna ok segjaskal fróðra hverrsá er vill heitinn horskr;einn vitané annarr skal,þjóð veit, ef þrír ro.
Ask and speakshould every wise manwho wishes to be called shrewd;one alone should knowand no second shall,all folk know if three do.

English translation: own translation.

Ríki sittskyli ráðsnotr haldaok vitavits ins mikla;þá er hann með horskum kemrok forspár finnask,þá er hann sér á vísa verðr.
His powershould the prudent man holdand knowthe measure of great wisdom;when he comes among the shrewdand those of foresight meet,then he shows himself wise.

English translation: own translation.

Fyrr er betr,þótt snemma sé,þingat at ganga þik;þvíat engi veitat óteknum leikhvat öðrum þykki.
It is better early,if it is soon,for you to go there;for no one knows,in a game not yet played out,what the other thinks.

English translation: own translation.

Mikit er at vitamörg eru manns lög,gistir at gagni þú;sér hann þater sjálfr né sér,at ef vill sér þiggja.
Much is to be known,many are a man's ways,the guest to his benefit;he sees whathe himself does not seeif he is willing to receive.

English translation: own translation.

Eld sér ekbrenna,eldr mér þykkirvera þar sem hann hefirsólarljós lítit,ef hann lifir.
Fire I seeburning,fire it seems to meto be where one haslittle sunlight,if he lives.

English translation: own translation.

Óski séreigi einum verðrvetr ok vár;hlutr hvers verðrsem hann er, er veit,nema sér gæfu getr.
Winter and springdo not cometo a solitary man;every man's lotis as it is, one knows,unless he gains fortune for himself.

English translation: own translation.

Eld þarf,sá er inn er kominnok á kné kalinn;matar ok váðaþarf maðr,er hefr um fjall farit.
Fire is neededby the one who has come insideand is cold to the knees;food and clothinga man needswho has travelled over mountain.

English translation: own translation.

Vatn ok þválok handlín þurft,þar er til handa gengr;góðan þarfgistingamaðrok góð orð at gjalda.
Water and a toweland drying cloth are neededfor the one who comes to eat;goodwill is neededby the host,and good words to give in return.

English translation: own translation.

Haltr ríðr hrossi,hjörð rekr handarvanr,daufr vegr ok dugir;blindr er betrien brenndr sé,nýtr manngi nás.
A lame man rides a horse,the handless man drives a herd,the deaf man fights and is useful;blind is betterthan being burned,a corpse is no use to anyone.

English translation: own translation.

Sonr er betri,þótt sé síð of alinneftir genginn guma;sjaldan bautarsteinarstanda brautu nær,nema reisi niðr at nið.
A son is better,even if born lateafter the man has gone;seldom do memorial stonesstand near the roadunless a kinsman raises them for kinsman.

English translation: own translation.

Tveir ro eins herjar,tunga er höfuðs bani;er mér í heðin hvernhandar vænt.
Two are one man's army,the tongue is the head's destroyer;beneath every man's coatI expect a hand.

English translation: own translation.

Nótt verðr feginnsá er nesti trúir;skammar ro skips rár,hverf er haustgríma;fjölð um viðrirá fimm dögum,en meira á mánuði.
He is glad at nightwho trusts his provisions;short are the ship's yards,changeable the autumn squall;much the weather shiftsin five days,and more in a month.

English translation: own translation.

Veit-a hinn,er vettki veit,margr verðr af aurum api;maðr er auðigr,annarr óauðigr,skyli-t þann vítka váar.
He does not knowwho knows nothing,many are made fools by wealth;one man is rich,another is poor,one should not blame the unlucky.

English translation: own translation.

Deyr fé,deyja frændr,deyr sjalfr it sama;en orðstírrdeyr aldregihveim er sér góðan getr.
Cattle die,kinsmen die,a man himself dies likewise;but the glory of wordsnever diesfor the one who wins good renown.

English translation: own translation.

Deyr fé,deyja frændr,deyr sjalfr it sama;ek veit einnat aldri deyr:dómr um dauðan hvern.
Cattle die,kinsmen die,a man himself dies likewise;I know one thingthat never dies:the judgement passed on every dead man.

English translation: own translation.

Fullar grindrsá ek fyr Fitjungs sonum,nú bera þeir vánarvöl;svá er auðrsem augabragð,hann er hvatastr vina.
Full pensI saw at Fitjung's sons' farm,now they carry beggars' staffs;such is wealthas a blink of an eye,it is the most fickle of friends.

English translation: own translation.

Ósnjallr maðr,ef hann eignask man,eða líkn konu,ef honum líðr at líðandi,þá fær hann þat at þola,er hann á sér meiri mein.
The timid man,if he wins a womanor the love of a woman,if it goes well for him for a while,then he must endure this:he carries within himself greater suffering.

English translation: own translation.

Þat er þá reynt,er þú at rúnum spyrrinum reginkunnum,þeim er gerðu ginnreginok fáði fimbulþulr,þá hefir hann bazt, ef hann þegir.
That is then proven,when you ask about the runesthe divine ones of highest origin,those which the great powers madeand the mighty sage painted,then he fares best who stays silent.

English translation: own translation.

Eld ek þyrftaes ek inn komkalinn at kné var mér;mat ok viðþurfti ek mér at hafainni þarer ek var farin.
Fire I neededwhen I came inside,chilled to the knee was I;food and firewoodI needed to find for myselfin therewhere I had journeyed.

English translation: own translation.

Vatn ok þélok várar brautirþurfti ek þar at hafaok veðrs þesses ek þat veitinn á land kominn.
Water and a toweland spring roadsI needed to have for myself,and the weather too,such things I knowhaving come into the land.

English translation: own translation.

Vits er þörfþeims víða ratar;dælt er heima hvat;at augabragði verðrsá er ekki kannok með snotrum sitr.
Wit is neededfor one who travels widely;easy is everything at home;a laughingstock becomesone who knows nothingand sits among the wise.

English translation: own translation.

At hyggjandi sinniskyli-t maðr hræsinn vera,heldr gætinn at geði;þá er horskr ok þögullkemr heimisgarða til,sjaldan verðr víti vörum,því at óbrigðra vinfær maðr aldregien mannvit mikit.
Of his own wisdoma man should not be boastful,rather guarded in his mind;when the shrewd and silent mancomes to the homesteads,seldom does harm strike the wary one,for a more steadfast frienda man never findsthan great good sense.

English translation: own translation.

At kveldi skal dag leyfa,konu er brend er,mæki er reyndr er,mey er gefin er,ís er yfir kemr,öl er drukkit er.
Praise the day in the evening,a woman when she is cremated,a sword when it has been tested,a maiden when she has been wed,ice when you have crossed it,ale when it has been drunk.

English translation: own translation.

Í vindi skal við höggva,veðri á sjó róa,myrkri við man spjalla,mörg eru dags augu;á skip skal skriðar orka,en á skjöld til hlífar,mæki höggs,en mey til kossa.
In wind chop firewood,in weather row on the sea,in darkness speak with a woman,many are the eyes of day;a ship needs speed for sailing,a shield is needed for shelter,a sword is for striking,and a maiden is for kissing.

English translation: own translation.

Við eld skal öl drekka,en á ísi skríða,magran mar kaupa,en mæki saurgan,heima hest feita,en hund á búi.
By the fire drink ale,but on ice go skiing,buy a lean horse,and a dirty sword,fatten the horse at home,and the dog at the farm.

English translation: own translation.

Meyjar orðumskyli maðr trúané konu kvíðu faðmi,þvíat á hverfanda hvéliváru þeim hjörtu sköpuð,brigð í brjóst of lagið.
A maiden's wordsa man should not trust,nor a wife's anxious embrace,for on a turning wheelwere their hearts created,fickleness laid into their breast.

English translation: own translation.

Brestanda boga,brennanda loga,gínanda úlfi,galandi kráku,rýtanda svíni,rótlausum viði,vaxanda vági,vellanda katli,fljúganda fleini,fallandi báru,ísi einnættum,ormi hringlegnum,brúðar beðmálumeða brotnu sverði,bjarnar leikieða barni konungs,sjúkum kálfi,sjálfráða þræli,völu vilmæli,val nýfelldum,trúðu maðr þessum.
A creaking bow,a burning flame,a gaping wolf,a cawing crow,a grunting pig,a rootless tree,a swelling wave,a boiling kettle,a flying spear,a falling billow,ice one night old,a coiled serpent,a bride's bedside words,or a broken sword,a bear's playingor a king's child,a sick calf,a self-willed thrall,a völva's fair speech,a freshly felled corpse,trust none of these.

English translation: own translation.

Akkerisfestaok aleitunar tafl,hrosshöfuð á stöngu,hneigingarskeið,hvinlegr vindrhjá ástmög sínum,göngu vegar hleypi.
An anchor's gripand dice in desperation,a horse's head on a pole,a slippery foothold,a howling windnear one's beloved,a traveller's run.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:fjársins um far þúné kvennmanns heima,þótt þú þarfir, þegi.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:do not seek after moneynor after a woman's homestead,if you have need, keep silent.

English translation: own translation.

At kveldi skal dag leyfa,konu er brend er,mæki er reyndr er,mey er gefin er,ís er yfir kemr,öl er drukkit er.
Praise the day in the evening,a woman when she is cremated,a sword when it is tested,a maiden when she has been given,ice when you have crossed it,ale when it has been drunk.

English translation: own translation.

Með vági skalvind bíða,með illu malill kvenna hlið;þat er hverskvathugsa þarf maðrhvé hann flytiskef hann þá fœrist.
In storm one mustwait for the wind,with evil speechevil women's company;that is whatevera man must think about,how he shall escapeif he then moves on.

English translation: own translation.

Fagrt skal mælaok fé bjóðasá er vill fljóðs ást fá,líki leyfains ljósa mans;sá fær er fríar.
Fairly one must speakand offer giftsif one wishes to win a woman's love,praise the formof the bright woman;the one who woos wins.

English translation: own translation.

Um kveldi skal fríjakonu, ef kona vill;daginn skalt þú dag leyfa,öl þat er þú dricc.Gát þú þess, Loddfáfnir,at þú lagðir tilþess ins fróða vífs?Þat er göfugt at gæta.
In the evening courta woman, if she is willing;praise the day on the day,drink the ale that you drink.Did you notice, Loddfáfnir,that you gained for yourselfthe counsel of the wise woman?That is a noble thing to keep.

English translation: own translation.

Billings meyek fann beðjum ásólhvíta sofa;jarls ynðiþótti mér ekki veranema við þat lík at lifa.
Billing's maidenI found on the bedsleeping, sun-white;a jarl's delightseemed to me nothingunless I could live beside that form.

English translation: own translation.

"Arinni náttskaltu Óðinn koma,ef þú vilt þér mæla man;alt verðr illtnema einir vitislíkan löst saman."
"At nightfallyou shall come, Odin,if you wish to speak yourself to me;all goes wrongunless only we two knowof such a fault together."

English translation: own translation.

Aptr ek hvarfok unna þóttumkvísum vilja mínum;hitt ek hugðaat ek hafa myndageð hennar allt ok gaman.
I turned backand thought myself in lovewith sure desire;I thoughtthat I would haveall her heart and pleasure.

English translation: own translation.

Svá kom ek næstat in vitru váruvígdrótt öll um vakin;með brennandom ljósumok bornom viðivar mér víls vegar vitað.
So when I came againall the wise warriorswere already awake;with burning torchesand carried firebrandsthe wretched road was shown to me.

English translation: own translation.

Ok nær morni,þá ek var enn um kominn,þá var hirdmaðr of sofnaðr;grey eitt fann ekins góða vifsbundit beðjum á.
And near morning,when I came once more,the household man was asleep;a she-dog I foundof that good womantied to the bed.

English translation: own translation.

Mörg er góð mær,ef gorva kannar,hugbrigð við hali;þá ek þat reyndaer it ráðspakateygða ek á flærðir fljóð,háðungar hverrarleitaði mér it horska man,ok hafða ek þess vætki vífs.
Many a good maiden,when looked at closely,turns fickle toward men;that I discoveredwhen the shrewd oneI tried to lure, that deceptive woman,every kind of scorndid that clever creature seek for me,and nothing of that woman I had.

English translation: own translation.

Heima glaðr gumiok við gesti reifr,sviðr skal um sig vera,minnigr ok málugr,ef hann vill margfróðr vera,opt skal góðs geta.Fimbulfambi heitirsá er fátt kann segja,þat er ósnotrs aðal.
Happy at home is the manand cheerful toward the guest,shrewd should he be in himself,with good memory and fluent tongue,if he wants to be very wise,often shall one speak of what is good.Great fool he is calledwho can say little,that is the nature of the unwise.

English translation: own translation.

Ek fór ór heimitil Hnikarr,ok bauð ek at skáld vera;gaf ek ins dýra drykkGunnlöðu águllna stóli set.
I traveled from the worldto Hnikar,and offered myself as a skald;the precious drink was given meby Gunnlöðsitting on her golden chair.

English translation: own translation.

Gunnlöðu mér um gafgullnum stóli ádrykk ins dýra mjaðar;ill iðgjöldlét ek hana eftir hafasíns ins heila hugar,síns ins svára sefa.
Gunnlöð gave meon the golden seata drink of the precious mead;poor repaymentI let her keepof her whole heart,of her heavy spirit.

English translation: own translation.

Rata munn létumkrúms of fáok um grjót gnaga;yfir ok undirstóðu jötna vegir,svá hætta ek höfði til.
I let Rati's mouthmake roomand gnaw through the rock;above and belowlay the giants' roads,so I wagered my head.

English translation: own translation.

Vel keypts litarhefi ek vel notit,fás er fróðum vant,því at Óðrerirer nú upp kominná alda vés jaðar.
The well-purchased guiseI have used well,little is lacking to the wise one,for Óðrerirhas now come upto the rim of men's holy sanctuary.

English translation: own translation.

Ifi er mér áat ek væra enn kominnjötna görðum ór,ef ek Gunnlaðar ne nœtainnar góðu konu,þeirar er lögðumk yfir.
I doubtthat I would have come outfrom the giants' courts,had I not enjoyed Gunnlöð,that good woman,with whom I lay.

English translation: own translation.

Ens hindra dagsgengu hrímþursarHáva ráðs at fregnaHáva höllu í;at Bölverki þeir spurðuef hann væri með böndum kominneða hefði hánum Suttungr of sóit.
The next daythe rime-giants wentto the High One's hallto ask counsel of the High One;about Bölverkr they askedwhether he had come to the godsor whether Suttungr had taken revenge on him.

English translation: own translation.

Baugeið Óðinnhygg ek at unnit hafi,hvat skal hans tryggðom trúa?Suttung svikinnhann lét sofaok grátna Gunnlöðu.
Baugi's oath I thinkOdin broke,how should one trust his pledges?Suttungr deceivedhe left behindand Gunnlöð weeping.

English translation: own translation.

Ára líðrá þat ek hugsa nú,hvat ek þögðak þá;öðli sínuer öllum betraGrani bauð gulli á Gnitaheiði.
Early passesI now think onwhat I was silent about then;in its own homelandit is better for all,Grani offered gold on the Gnitaheið.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:nótt þú rísitnema á njósn séreða þú leitir þérinnan út staðar.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:rise not at nightunless it is to keep watchor you seek yourselfa place to relieve yourself outside.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:fjölkunnigri konuskalat í faðmi sofa,svá at hon lyki þik liðum.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:in a sorceress woman's embraceyou shall not sleep,so that she locks you with her limbs.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:við dauðan mannskalat þú í dyrr deilaskné á þingi þrjóta.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:with a dead manyou shall not quarrel at the doorwaynor grow weary at the assembly.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:at fjalli eða firðiskalat þú fara einn saman.Vörðr þykkir vígraþvíat ójafnt gengrat vitni verpa maðr.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:to a mountain or a fjordyou shall not travel alone.More dangerous seems the wardenfor unevenly falls itto cast evidence against a man.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:við skulu-g veraþann er þú þér ills vart,né þínum vilja láta.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:be on your guardagainst one who has wronged you,and do not yield to your own impulse.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:glatt skaltu við þinn vin vera,ok glaðr skaltu þér vera;þats mun ynðilegaster þú á götur gerir.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:joyful shall you be toward your friend,and glad shall you be in yourself;that will be the most delightfulthat you can do on your way.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:orðum skiptaskaltu aldrigivið ósvinna apa.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:words exchangeyou should neverwith a witless fool.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:þorraðu gangaat goðum þínum,þar er þú veiztu vísa þrekinn.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:venture to goto your gods,where you know strength is shown.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:orðs ok verksskaltu hvárki brigðastvið inn alsvinni.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:in word and deedyou shall never be faithlessto the all-wise one.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:líkna skaltuat þeim leiðaskes þú veizt at líf muni taka.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,and you shall take the counsel,profit you will have if you take it,good it will be for you if you grasp it:you shall show kindnesstoward those who are ailingwhom you know life will take.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:hvars þú böl kannt,kveðu þat bölvi atok gefat þínum fjándum frið.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:wherever you know of evil,speak of it as eviland give your enemies no peace.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:illu feginnverðu aldregi,en lát þér at góðu getit.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:in evilnever rejoice,but let good be what you strive toward.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:í orrostuskalat maðrupp líta,ginnheilagirverða gumna synir,síðan þeir greipr verða.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:in battlea man mustlook upward,dangerously bewitcheddo men's sons becomewhen they fall into the grip.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:ef þú vilt þér góða konukveðja at gamanrúnumok fá fögnum leik,fögru skaltu heitaok láta fast vera,leiðisk manngi gott ef getr.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:if you want a good womanto invite to the words of joyand win a fair game,fair things you must promiseand hold to them firmly,no one tires of good things when he can have them.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:várkunn bið ek þikvera aldregivið þann er öðrum er firr.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:making excuses I ask younever to dofor one who is kept at a distance by another.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:at fjalli eða firði,ef þik fara tíðir,fásk þér at virði vel.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:at mountain or fjord,if you are about to travel,get yourself well provisioned.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:illum manniláttu aldregiþíns um ljá galdar;þvíat af illum mannifær þú aldregigjöld góðra gerninga.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:to an evil mannever letyour magic songs be lent;for from an evil manyou will never receiverepayment for good deeds.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:þat sá ek er vel um þat veit:aldri skyldi maðröðrum þegja viðþat er í brjósti búi.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:this I saw, one who knows it well:never should a manstay silent toward another aboutwhat dwells within his breast.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:megi þínumver þú aldreginíðs of frumvörðr,þvíat gumna mörggeðs er mál,öðrum verðr þat of þegi.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:toward your sonnever bethe first to bring dishonor,for among men manyhave words in their heartsthat are kept silent from another.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:orðum skiptaþú skalt aldregivið þann er öðrum er firr;orð of missœmask,þeir er öðrum viljasekja í sekján.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:words you must nevertradewith one who is kept at a distance by another;words misfit themselves,those who against another wishto chase accusation with accusation.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:at gamni þínugát þú aldregiþess er fírar hlœja;þeir gumnarhlœja þér aðer þú of tólftrúa munir.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:for your own amusementnever take noticeof what people laugh at;those menlaugh at youwhom you think you haveas twelve faithful friends.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:þing á þú aldregiat þjófa hrósi,þó at þú vartþeira njósnarmaðr.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:never hold assemblyin praise of thieves,even if you weretheir scout.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:at fjalli gladdrver þú aldregi,en heima hvat.aldregi skalt þú þat kennakynni þínum.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:gladdened by the mountainnever be,but at home in matters.Never shall you teach thatto your people.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:við vélandi mannver þú aldregi,láttu þér at góðu getit.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:toward a treacherous mannever be angry,let good be what you strive toward.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:seggr inn illvillisér til gagns um getrþá er hann þik full freginn hefir,ok hverr er illvilja manhann þik sœkr.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:the ill-willed mangets gain for himselfwhen he has questioned you fully,and whoever harbors ill willhe pursues you.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:betra er þögðuen sé of þjóðsagtþar er þú ilt vitir;öðrum verðrat aldar þurfiþá er á bíðr at berjask.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:better is silencethan to be spoken of among peoplewhere you know of evil;it serves anotherin the distress of lifefor one who waits to fight.

English translation: own translation.

Ráðumk þér, Loddfáfnir,en þú ráð nemir,njóta mundu ef þú nemr,þér munu góð ef þú getr:seggr inn svinnihvat er þú ert svá glaðrat þú mín at munir.
I counsel you, Loddfáfnir,take this counsel if you will,you will gain if you learn it,good will come to you if you grasp it:the wise man,whatever you are so gladthat you remember me.

English translation: own translation.

Veit ek at ek hekkvindga meiði ánætr allar níu,geiri undaðrok gefinn Óðni,sjalfr sjalfum mér,á þeim meiðier manngi veithvers hann af rótum renn.
I know that I hungon the windswept treeall of nine nights,wounded by a spearand given to Odin,myself to myself,on that treeof which no one knowsfrom what roots it runs.

English translation: own translation.

Við hleifi mik sælduné við hornigi,nýsta ek niðr,nam ek upp rúnar,œpandi nam,fell ek aptr þaðan.
With bread they did not feed me,nor with a drinking horn,I peered downward,I took up the runes,screaming I took them,then I fell back from there.

English translation: own translation.

Fimbulljóð níunam ek af inum frægjaBestlu föður,ok ek drykk of gatins dýra mjaðar,ausinn Óðreri.
Nine mighty songsI learned from the famousson of Bölthorn,and I obtained a drinkof the precious mead,sprinkled from Óðrerir.

English translation: own translation.

Þat er þá reynter þú at rúnum spyrrinum reginkunnum,þeim er gerðu ginnreginok fáði fimbulþulr;þá hefir hann bazt ef hann þegir.
That is then put to the testwhen you ask about the runes,those of divine origin,those that the great powers madeand the mighty sage inscribed;then he has it best if he keeps silent.

English translation: own translation.

Rúnar munt þú finnaok ráðna stafi,mjök stóra stafi,mjök stinna stafi,er fáði fimbulþulrok gerðu ginnreginok reist Hroptr rögna.
Runes you shall findand meaningful staves,very great staves,very strong staves,which the mighty sage inscribedand the great powers madeand Hroptr of the gods carved.

English translation: own translation.

Óðinn með ásum,en fyr álfum Dáinn,Dvalinn ok dvergum fyrir,Ásviðr jötnum fyrir,ek reist sjálfr sumar.
Odin among the Aesir,but for the elves Dáinn,Dvalinn likewise for the dwarves,Ásviðr for the giants,I myself carved some.

English translation: own translation.

Veiztu, hvé rísta skal?Veiztu, hvé ráða skal?Veiztu, hvé fá skal?Veiztu, hvé freista skal?Veiztu, hvé biðja skal?Veiztu, hvé blóta skal?Veiztu, hvé senda skal?Veiztu, hvé sóa skal?
Do you know how to carve?Do you know how to interpret them?Do you know how to color them?Do you know how to test them?Do you know how to pray?Do you know how to sacrifice?Do you know how to send?Do you know how to destroy?

English translation: own translation.

Betra er óbeðiten sé ofblótit,ey sér til gildis gjöf;betra er ósenten sé ofsóit.Svá Þundr of reistfyr þjóða rök,þar hann upp of reiser hann aptr of kom.
Better unbiddenthan over-sacrificed;a gift always looks to its return;better unsentthan over-destroyed.So Þundr carvedbefore the fate of peoples,there where he rose upand came back again.

English translation: own translation.

Ljóð ek þau kanner kannat þjóðans konaok mannskis mögr;hjálp heitir eitt,en þat þér hjálpa munvið sökum ok sorgumok sútum görvöllum.
Songs I knowthat a king's wife does not knowand no son of man;Help is called the first,and it shall help youagainst strife and sorrowsand every trouble.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek annater þurfu ýta synirþeir er vilja læknar lifa.
A second I know,which the sons of men need,those who want to live as healers.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it þriðja:ef mér verðr þörf mikilhapts við mína heiptmögu,eggjar ek deyfiminna andskota,bítat þeim vápn né stafir.
A third I know:if I find great needof fetters against my enemies,the edges I bluntof my opponents,neither their weapons nor their staves bite.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it fjórða:ef mér fyrðar berabönd at boglimum,svá ek gelat ek ganga má,sprettr mér af fótum fjöturr,en af höndum haptr.
A fourth I know:if enemies laybonds upon my limbs,I sing sothat I can walk free,the fetter springs from my feetand the shackle from my hands.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it fimmta:ef ek sé af fári skotinnflein í folki vaða,flygr-a hann svá stinnrat ek stöðvigak,ef ek hann sjónum of sék.
A fifth I know:if I see a spear shot in harmwading through the crowd,it flies not so hardthat I cannot stop it,if I see it with my gaze.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it sétta:ef mik særir þegná rótum rams viðar,ok þann haler mik heipta kveðr,þann eta mein heldr en mik.
A sixth I know:if a man wounds mewith the roots of a strong tree,and that manwho utters enmity against me,the harm eats him rather than me.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it sjaunda:ef ek sé hávan logasal of sessmögum,brennr-a svá breittat ek honum bjargigak,þann kann ek galdr at gala.
A seventh I know:if I see high flamesaround the hall among men,it burns not so widethat I cannot save them,that song I know to sing.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it áttaer öllum ernytsamligt at nema:hvars hatr vexmeð hildings sonum,þat má ek bœta brátt.
An eighth I knowwhich is for alluseful to learn:wherever hatred growsamong the sons of a prince,that I can quickly remedy.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it níunda:ef mik nauðr um stendrat bjarga fari mínu á floti,vind ek kyrrivági áok svæfik allan sæ.
A ninth I know:if necessity presses meto save my ship at sea,I calm the windon the waveand lull the whole sea to sleep.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it tíunda:ef ek sé túnriðurleika lofti á,ek svá vinnkat þær villar farasinna heimhama,sinna heimhuga.
A tenth I know:if I see witchesplaying in the air,I can work sothat they go astrayfrom their home-bodies,their home-desires.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it ellifta:ef ek skal til orrostuleiða langvini,und randir ek gel,en þeir með ríki faraheilir hildar til,heilir hildi frá,koma þeir heilir hvaðan.
An eleventh I know:if I must leadold friends into battle,under shields I sing,and they march with power,whole into battle,whole from battle,they come whole from wherever they are.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it tólpta:ef ek sé á tré uppiváfa virgilná,svá ek rístok í rúnum fák,at sá gengr gumiok mælir við mik.
A twelfth I know:if I see high in a treeswinging a hanged corpse,I carve soand color in runes,that the man walksand speaks with me.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it þrettánda:ef ek skal þegn unganverpa vatni á,mun-at hann falla,þótt hann í folk komi,hnígr-a sá halr fyr hjörum.
A thirteenth I know:if I must sprinklea young man with water,he shall not fall,though he comes into battle,that man does not sink before swords.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it fjórtánda:ef ek skal fyrða liðitelja tíva fyrir,ása ok alfaek kann allra skil,fár kann ósnotr svá.
A fourteenth I know:if I must before a host of menreckon up the gods,of Aesir and elvesI know all distinctions,few can do this who are unwise.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it fimmtándaer gól þjóðreyrirdvergr fyr Dellings durum;afl gól hann ásum,en alfum frama,hyggju Hroftatý.
A fifteenth I know,which Þjóðreyrir sang,the dwarf before Delling's doors;strength he sang for the Aesir,and glory for the elves,wisdom for Hroftatyr.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it sextánda:ef ek vil ins svinna manshafa geð allt ok gaman,hugi ek hverfihvítarmri konuok sný ek hennar öllum sefa.
A sixteenth I know:if I want from a wise manall his wit and joy,I turn the mindof the white-armed womanand swing her every desire.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it sjautjándaat mik mun seint firraskit manunga man.Ljóða þessamun þú, Loddfáfnir,lengi vanr vera;þó sé þér góð ef þú getr,nýt ef þú nemr,þörf ef þú þiggr.
A seventeenth I know,that the young girlwill be slow to leave me.These songsyou, Loddfáfnir,will long be without;yet they benefit you if you learn them,useful if you take them,needful if you receive them.

English translation: own translation.

Þat kann ek it átjándaer ek æva kennikmey né manns konu,allt er betraer einn veit,þat er of rúnar rennr,nema þeiri einnier mik armi verpreða mín systir sé.
An eighteenth I know,which I will never teachto a maiden or a man's wife,always betteris that which one alone knows,which runs on about runes,except to the one alonewho lays her arm about meor is my sister.

English translation: own translation.

Nú eru Háva mál kveðinHáva höllu í,allþörf ýta sonum,óþörf jötna sonum;heill sá er kvað,heill sá er kann!njóti sá er nam,heilir þeirs hlýddu.
Now are the words of the High One spokenin the hall of the High One,greatly needed by the sons of men,little needed by the sons of giants;hail to him who spoke,hail to him who knows!May he profit who learned,hail to those who listened.

English translation: own translation.

Key concepts

  • ljóðaháttr , the chant-metre dominating Hávamál; three lines per half-stanza, the third a "full line"
  • Yggdrasill , the world-tree on which Odin hangs himself to win the runes (st. 138-139)
  • rúnar , secret signs won by Odin through his sacrifice; bearers of knowledge and power (st. 138-145)
  • Óðrerir , the mead of poetry, the sacred drink granting verse-craft; won from Gunnlöð (st. 104-110)
  • seiðr , ritual magic connected to Odin's magic songs in the Ljóðatal (st. 146-164)
  • galdralag , the incantation-metre with repeated lines, prominent in the Ljóðatal (st. 146-164)
  • orðstírr , posthumous fame, the good reputation that outlives death (st. 76-77)
  • Gunnlöð , the giantess who guarded the mead of poetry; seduced by Odin (st. 104-110)
  • Loddfáfnir , the addressee in Loddfáfnismál; identity unknown (st. 111-137)

Interpretive traditions

A What we know

That Hávamál is a composite work of several sub-texts (Gestaþáttr, Billing's maiden, the Gunnlöð episode, Loddfáfnismál, Rúnatal, Ljóðatal) united under Odin's voice is scholarly consensus.

That the Gestaþáttr (st. 1-79) belongs to Germanic wisdom literature with parallels in Anglo-Saxon and Continental Germanic tradition is well established (cf. Old English Precepts, Old High German Hildebrandslied).

That Rúnatal (st. 138-139) describes Odin's self-hanging on Yggdrasil, pierced by a spear, fasting for nine nights, in order to win the runes, is the text's explicit statement and uncontested.

That stanzas 76-77 ("Deyr fé, deyja frændr") are among the most quoted in all of Old West Norse literature and encapsulate the Norse ideal of posthumous fame is universally acknowledged.

That the poem is preserved only in Codex Regius (GKS 2365 4to) with no parallel manuscript (unlike Völuspá) is textually established.

B What we think we know

The dating of Hávamál's individual sections is debated. The Gestaþáttr is often considered the oldest (possibly 10th c.), while Ljóðatal is probably younger. Rúnatal is placed in between. No firm dates exist.

That Odin's self-hanging (st. 138-139) reflects an initiatory or shamanistic practice with parallels in Sámi and Siberian tradition is a widespread interpretation (Schjødt 2008), but the concept of "shamanism" as an analytical category for Norse religion is questioned.

That the Gunnlöð episode (st. 104-110) presents Odin as a morally ambiguous figure who betrays a woman to win the mead of poetry is textually clear, but what attitude the poem takes toward the betrayal (condemnation or acceptance) is a question of interpretation.

That the Ljóðatal (st. 146-164) was originally an independent catalogue poem inserted into Hávamál is a common hypothesis. Metrical differences (galdralag elements) support this.

That the "eighteenth" magic song (st. 164), whose content Odin refuses to reveal, has a ritual background as withheld knowledge is a plausible reading, but it may also be a purely literary conclusion.

C What we do not know

Whether Hávamál as a composite whole reflects editorial intent (a deliberate composition by a compiler) or a mechanical joining of loose texts in Codex Regius is unsettled.

What social context the Gestaþáttr had (court poetry, peasant practice, initiation text, entertainment) is unknown. The parallels in Germanic wisdom literature show the genre existed, but the specific setting remains hidden.

Whether the eighteen magic songs of the Ljóðatal (st. 146-164) correspond to actual ritual practices or are poetic fiction cannot be determined from the extant sources.

Sources and further reading

Primary sources

  • Neckel, Gustav, och Hans Kuhn. 1983. Edda: Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern. 5. uppl. Heidelberg: Winter.
  • Dronke, Ursula. 1969–2011. The Poetic Edda, vols. I–III. Oxford: Clarendon / Oxford University Press.

Translations

  • Bellows, Henry Adams (trans.). 1923. The Poetic Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. (PD)
  • Larrington, Carolyne (trans.). 2014. The Poetic Edda. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Scholarly works

  • Lindow, John. 2001. Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Simek, Rudolf. 1993. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Angela Hall. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
  • Turville-Petre, E. O. G. 1964. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • McKinnell, John. 2014. Essays on Eddic Poetry. Ed. Donata Kick and John D. Shafer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Clunies Ross, Margaret. 1994–1998. Prolonged Echoes: Old Norse Myths in Medieval Northern Society, vols. I–II. Odense: Odense University Press.