Atlamál hin grœnlenzku

The Greenlandic Lay of Atli

Det grönländska Atlekvädet

105 stanzas

Summary

A

Atlamál hin grœnlenzku tells the same story as Atlakviða, but in a considerably more expansive and psychologically detailed style. The poem is composed in málaháttr, a longer verse form.

Atli invites Gunnarr and Högni to his court. Guðrún sends a runic warning, but the messenger Vingi falsifies the runes. The brothers' wives, Kostbera and Glaumvör, have prophetic dreams and try to prevent the journey.

Despite all warnings, the brothers ride to Atli. Battle breaks out. Guðrún fights at her brothers' side. The brothers are finally captured, Högni's heart is cut out, and Gunnarr is cast into the serpent-pit where he plays the harp with his toes.

Guðrún's vengeance is terrible: she kills her sons by Atli, serves him their flesh and blood, stabs him in his bed, and sets fire to the hall. The poem ends with a poetic reflection on the endurance of these deeds.

The story

Frétt hefir öld ófu,þá er endr of gerðuseggir samkundu,sú var nýt fæstum;á laun mæltu,lét illa gørva,ok á Gjúkungagengu at ráðum.
People have heard tellof what men onceplotted together,it benefited very few;in secret they spoke,let ill be done,and against the Gjúkungsthey laid their plans.

English translation: own translation.

Atli sendiár til Gjúkavísa víga-van at riðja;Ríðit á þingathjálmum ok brynjum,biðit at yðrubúnar vera.
Atli sentearly to the Gjúkungsthe battle-experiencedVingi to ride;Ride thitherwith helmets and mail-coats,bid them beprepared to set out.

English translation: own translation.

Ríðr sá ór landi,er leggja skyldi,hvatt á heiðar,en þeir heimr biðu;fundu þeir brœðrbúna at þingi,mál þar fluttumessugir arnar.
He rides from the land,the one who was to deliver it,swiftly over the heaths,while they waited at home;they found the brothersgathered at the assembly,matters were put forward thereby eloquent men.

English translation: own translation.

Guðrún vissi þat,er gengit hafðiseggja synirá senn farar;rúnar reist hon,er þær Vingi skipti,varg í viðivildi hon kenna.
Guðrún knew it,that the sons of menhad set out togetherall at once;runes she carved,but Vingi altered them,a wolf in the woodshe wanted them to recognize.

English translation: own translation.

Lét hon á hringrheiðar dísirtil handa fœraHǫgna systur;kunni sú ráðaristar benjar,fann hon þar villaer Vingi hafði gørva.
She had on the ringholy dísirborne forwardto Högni's sister;she knew how to readthe carved signs,she found there the deceptionthat Vingi had made.

English translation: own translation.

Rann hon til Hǫgna,er hon til hans fór,mun ek segjastþér svá sem er;fundit hefi ek villaí rúnum þínum,hefr Vingi þessarvandar gørvar.
She ran to Högni,when she came to him,I must tell youhow it truly is;I have found errorin your runes,Vingi has madethese badly.

English translation: own translation.

Vingi kveðr þatvilja góðan,hér sé rúnarráðnar þínar;hygg at honum,hverr ferr þangat,þykki mér þatþinn góðr vilji.
Vingi says this isgood will,here the runes areas you read them;think on him,who travels thither,it seems to meyour good will.

English translation: own translation.

Réðu þeir at fara,ríkis manna,brœðr báðirá brautir víðar;bað Hǫgni kóngaf Kostberu,bað Gunnarr kóngaf Glaumvör.
They resolved to travel,the mighty men,both brotherson wide roads;Högni took his leaveof Kostbera,Gunnarr took his leaveof Glaumvör.

English translation: own translation.

Þær gáfu þeimgolli fagnirdísir ok drýgjardrykk af keri;þær urðu harðarer hann skyldi ganga,beggja hlutibauð þér vánar.
They gave them,the gold-gladdened women,faithful dísir,drink from the cup;they became heavy-heartedwhen he was to go,of both kindsthey offered you expectation.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Kostberakynni vissi:Ferðina lyktirfara at sér;rúnar ek fanná ringa þínum,enn þér Guðrúngat sent fregnum.
Then Kostbera spoke,she who knew the signs:The journey endsin your destruction;runes I foundon your ring,and Guðrúnhas sent you word.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Hǫgni,hugr var ódæll:Þú ert konaok hugsar illa;gott þykki mérat gangask þingat,mun ek eigiaf ánauð fara.
Then Högni spoke,his spirit was stubborn:You are a womanand think poorly;it seems good to meto go thither,I will notrefrain out of dread.

English translation: own translation.

Kvað hann svá þegarsem kynni þeira:Segðu mér, kona,hvat dreymt hefir þér,þótt þú gangiraf götu þinni,allr þinn hugrer í ánauðum.
He said at onceas they both knew:Tell me, woman,what you have dreamed,even though you strayfrom your path,all your thoughtsare in anguish.

English translation: own translation.

Draum ek dreymdadölum í nátt,þótti mér björnaf bjarga koma,braut hann hér innok bryti stólinn,hristist hallirok ǫll himirikis.
A dream I dreamedin the valleys last night,it seemed to me a bearcame from the mountains,he broke in hereand smashed the high-seat,the halls shookand all of the sky.

English translation: own translation.

Siðan sá ek örnof yðr fljúga,skarð hann saliok setti blóð á yðr;þótti mér þat veraþrár Atla,hann mun yðrógæfu bera.
Then I saw an eaglefly over you,he raked the hallsand spattered blood upon you;it seemed to me that wasAtli's fury,he will bringmisfortune upon you.

English translation: own translation.

Enn sá ek vargatvá at yðr standa,þeir munu yðr báðirbauga gjalda;svá gerðist semsegjast þat skyldi,drengiliga mundagr yðvarr hefjast.
Then I saw two wolvesstanding beside you,they will pay you bothwith rings;it will happen asought to be told,manfully shallyour day begin.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Hǫgni,hugr vas ódæll:Þú ert konaok hugsar illa;þótt grœnt fæðiskgras af jörðu,man ek eigiaf ánauð fara.
Then Högni spoke,his spirit was stubborn:You are a womanand think poorly;though green grassgrows from the earth,I will notrefrain out of dread.

English translation: own translation.

Glaumvör gekk þáok gaf Gunnarilífs ok líknarlítit sem mátti;dreymdi hana draumrdýrliga þunga,kvað hón hátter hon heima sat.
Glaumvör stepped forward thenand gave Gunnarrlife and solaceas little as she could;dreams she had dreameddeeply heavy,she spoke aloudas she sat at home.

English translation: own translation.

Dreymdi mik draumrdölum í nátt,þóttust þér galgarí garði standa,þar hengðir þér,hrœfar fengu;knáttu þik ormrá alla vega.
A dream I dreamedin the valleys last night,it seemed to me gallowsstood in the yard,there you hung,ravens got you;serpents surrounded youon every side.

English translation: own translation.

Dreymdi mik enndölum í nátt,þóttust þér konurkoma í garð,váru ófyrirliðnar,villdu þik kjósa,skjótt mun þat veraskírum reginni.
Another dream I dreamedin the valleys last night,it seemed to me womencame into the yard,they were clad in mourning,they wished to choose you,soon that will happenby the clear divine powers.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarr,glaðr var allr:Seint er þater segja mættikona ný kominkveld at mínum;þótt oss líki eigilíf at ljúga,ferr ek eigiaf frœðum þínum.
Then Gunnarr spoke,he was altogether glad:Late it iswhat could be said,a new wife cometo my evening;though we do not wishto lie about life,I ride nonethelessdespite your counsel.

English translation: own translation.

Ungu lífer þú leggja skalt,hefr þik at grœtumgaman bundinn;renna mun sváríki þitt líf,muntu þat eittalls þegar hyggja.
The young lifethat you must lay down,joy has bound youto weeping;so shall runyour rich life,you will think of that one thingat once.

English translation: own translation.

Riðu þeir þaðaná rauðum mar,ok á glaðrigott var þeim;fundu þeir brúá breiðum vegi,gein þar höllok hafnar grjóts.
They rode from thereon red horses,and in glad companyit was good for them;they found a bridgeon the wide road,the hall gaped thereand the harbour's stones.

English translation: own translation.

Vingi sór þarvið þá vígt eiðarat hann þá sœktisanna friðar;Gunnarr vissi þatef Vingi lygr,hlaut hann af þathelvíti.
Vingi swore thereto them sacred oathsthat he soughttrue peace;Gunnarr knew it:if Vingi lies,he would receive for itthe torment of Hel.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Vingivið þá vísar menn:Fara þér til fallsfara þér til dauða;seint mun þat verðaer sumir ráðuat þér komiðtaf kvölðum heili.
Then Vingi spoketo the wise men:You travel to your fall,you travel to your death;late will it happenas some counselthat you come homeunharmed from the torment.

English translation: own translation.

Þá lét Hǫgnihöggva til hans,bitu þar eigieiðar honum;þeir luku honumlífi snemma,sýsl þar lengisíðan fór Vingi.
Then Högni letthem strike at him,the oaths did not biteinto him;they took from himhis life early,long the errandof Vingi lasted after.

English translation: own translation.

Riðu þeir þá fremrat finna Atla,gáfu þeir þarglaðliga hildingr;váru þeir svável til búnirat ná til fundarniðja sinna.
They rode then forwardto find Atli,they gave theregladly their greeting;they were sowell preparedto reach the meetingwith their kinsmen.

English translation: own translation.

Vingi lét sér vel líka,en vreiðr varð þat síðan;hló hann at líki línu,en lýðr þat ekki vissi,hvat þat fúlt fór undir,er hann fœrði þeim til skaða.
Vingi seemed well pleased with that,but anger came upon him afterward;he laughed at the linen-token,yet the men knew nothing of it,what foulness lay hidden beneath,that he had brought to their ruin.

English translation: own translation.

Reiðir váru rekkjar,er þeir þat vissu;hlóðu þeir skip síðanok á sæ gengu,fóru til Atla landsfimm tigir drengjа.
The warriors were wrathfulwhen they learned of it;they loaded their ships thenand put out to sea,traveled to Atli's land,fifty men strong.

English translation: own translation.

Knǫ́r gekk til strandar,streymr þeytti undir;roðu þeir of œritok á eyjar kómu,fundu þar Atlason,þann er þeir leituðu.
The ship drove toward shore,the current pressed beneath it;they rowed beyond measureand came to the islands,found there Atli's man,the one they had sought.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Vingi,þvít hann vissi víst af ráðum:'Hér megið þér sjá,hvat ek segi yðr til sanninda,at yðr er útlægt lífok land allt at leggja.'
Then Vingi spoke,for he knew the plan full well:'Here you may seewhat I tell you as truth,that your lives are forfeitand all the land set against you.'

English translation: own translation.

Brá þá Högniaf belti sverði,hjó til Vingisok í hel sendi;Knéfröðr annars tók,þótt hann kvikr væri.
Then Högni drewthe sword from his belt,struck at Vingiand sent him to Hel;Knéfröðr seized the other,though he still lived.

English translation: own translation.

Atli konungr reiðá álfröðuls leið,hafði hann hjálm á höfðiok hvíta skjǫldu;geir grønn á hendi,gunnr var at hafast.
King Atli rodealong the sun's path,he had a helmet on his headand white shields;green spear in hand,the battle was about to begin.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Atliok orð um kvað:'Vánir várum vérat þit vilduð koma,ok mun yðr þat varðavítt, ef þit viljið.'
Then Atli spokeand said these words:'We expected you,that you would come,and this shall cost you dear,if you choose to press on.'

English translation: own translation.

Svǫ́ru Gjúkungar,þvít þeir svá hugðu:'Seint mun þat verða,þótt þú sögum reiðis;einir vit höfumæðra til þessa.'
The Gjukungs answered,for so they thought:'That shall come late,though you threaten with rage;we alone havenobler blood for this.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá lét Atliá lopt leypahvassa skjaldmeyjarok hjálmberar;ok hans hird allahann at hilmi bað.
Then Atli commandedto leap forwardsharp shield-maidensand helmet-bearers;and all his household troophe bade advance against the prince.

English translation: own translation.

Guðrún gekk þáá garð útanok bauð friðar fundok formæli;þat þótti henniþarft at freista.
Gudrun went thenoutside the enclosureand offered a peace-meetingand mediation;it seemed to hernecessary to try.

English translation: own translation.

Þat varð lítt at ljá,er þeir líðr voru;reiðr var Atli,rekkjar ok allir;hlóðu þeir hildisvin,herr var at ríða.
Little space was granted for it,for they were in a fury;Atli was wrathful,and all the warriors likewise;they formed the war-swine formation,the host rode to the attack.

English translation: own translation.

Þá Guðrún gekk,griðum horfinn,skaut af sér skikkjuok sverð tók,barðist á báða hliðvið bræðr sína.
Then Gudrun went forward,peace abandoned,threw off her cloakand took up a sword,fought on both flanksat the side of her brothers.

English translation: own translation.

Gný varð af geirumok gníst af sverðum,skjǫldr við skjǫlduskrautliga brast;menn fellu þarsem mjǫðdyrr hlutu.
There was a din of spearsand a clash of swords,shield against shieldbroke with a great crash;men fell thereas raindrops fall.

English translation: own translation.

Gunnarr gekk framok gaf þeim eldi,brenndi borgarok braut þak niðr;þeir urðu at víkjaer þar vilja skyldu.
Gunnarr advancedand gave them fire,burned the fortificationsand broke down the roof;those who would have stayed therewere forced to give ground.

English translation: own translation.

Þá varð at segjaSvanhildar móður,hvé Gjúkungargengu at hilmi;sá er þar sater sǫgðu honum.
Then it was toldto Svanhild's mother,how the Gjukungsadvanced against the prince;those who sat withinreported it to him.

English translation: own translation.

Urðu þar aflirAtlasonar,fimm tigir falla,fór allt at vesali;þrír lágu þar eftirþegnar hans drengir.
There the forcesof Atli's sons fell,fifty were felled,all went to ruin;three lay remaining thereof his brave warriors.

English translation: own translation.

Fekk þá Gunnarrí geirum leika,hjó af höndumHúnaland þrjá;Högni hafðiþat er hann vildi.
Then Gunnarr gotto play with spears,he hewed the hands fromthree Hunnish men;Högni hadwhat he wished for.

English translation: own translation.

Atli kvað þá,er hann opt hafði kvitt:'Hvar er nú Gunnarreða Gjúka son?Ef hann má standa,stigi hann fram nú.'
Atli cried then,as he had often said before:'Where is Gunnarr nowor the son of Gjuki?If he can stand,let him step forward now.'

English translation: own translation.

Gunnarr gekk þáok gaf þeim eldi,lét blóð rennaá brand inum hvíta;þar varð aldrtímiAtlasonar.
Gunnarr stepped forward thenand gave them fire,let blood runon the white blade;there came the life's endof Atli's sons.

English translation: own translation.

Þá bað Atliþegna sína gangafram á fleinvígok fanga þá bæði;máttu þeir þó eigimeðan menn stóðu.
Then Atli badehis warriors advanceinto the spear-fightand seize them both;yet they could not do sowhile the men still stood.

English translation: own translation.

Bǫndin váru þábrœðr Gjúka,þótt þeir snemmasvá við skaplegar;Gunnarr ok Högnihandtekinn varð.
Then were boundthe brothers of Gjuki,though they had early onshown such warrior spirit;Gunnarr and Högniwere taken by hand.

English translation: own translation.

Hugðu þeir at hvárrgiheill myndi verða,at þeir fœri leynafé eða gullit;þess bjuggu þeir bezter þeir bresta skyldu.
They thought that neither onewould come out whole,if they tried to concealthe property or the gold;for that they prepared bestwhich they were bound to face.

English translation: own translation.

Atli konungr reiðá æðra veg,hafði hann hildingrhandar tvennar;hann spurði þá Gunnarhvat hann gjalda skyldi.
King Atli rodea different way,the ruler had himin both hands;he then asked Gunnarrwhat he ought to pay.

English translation: own translation.

Gunnarr svaraðiglaðr ok óhryggr:'Hjǫrtr inn hávimun hafa gull mitt,áðr Atla konungieitt fé sé gefit.'
Gunnarr answeredglad and untroubled:'The high-antlered stagshall have my gold,before King Atliis given even one coin.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá bað AtliHǫgna hjarta nema,ristit ór brjóstimeð rauðum knifi;svá skyldi Gunnarrgjǫld af hafa.
Then Atli commandedthat Högni's heart be taken,cut from the breastwith a red knife;thus should Gunnarrreceive his payment.

English translation: own translation.

Hló þar Hǫgnier hann hjarta skáru,kvikvan or brjósti,knífr var teinungr;fárr er svá sterkrat slíkt of þoli.
There Högni laughedwhen they cut out his heart,living from the breast,the knife was a tendril;few are so strongas to endure such a thing.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarr,þjóðkonungr mikill:'Nú er hjarta Hǫgnahér í hendi mér,blóðugt ór brjóstibróður míns tekið.'
Then spoke Gunnarr,the great king of nations:'Now is Högni's hearthere in my hand,bloody from the breastof my brother taken.'

English translation: own translation.

Atli konungrreið velli á,barðisk við grindum,brá sér at ráðum;heyrðu dætr Buðladynr af svipum,þegar er þeir Gunnarrgengu í borgir.
King Atlirode out onto the field,fought at the gates,took counsel with himself;Budli's daughters heardthe din of lasheswhen Gunnarr and his menwere led into the stronghold.

English translation: own translation.

Þá kvað þat Atli,Atla konungr:'Hvar er nú gollitgull it rauða,þat er átti Fáfnir?'Þat vildi hann vita.
Then Atli spoke,King Atli:'Where is now the gold,the red gold,that Fafnir once owned?'That he wished to know.

English translation: own translation.

Gunnarr kvað:'Aldri mun Gunnarrgull þat selja,meðan líf lifirok ljós þessa heims;kveðja skulu þérkonungar aðrir,en ver höfum þetta.
Gunnarr spoke:'Never shall Gunnarrsell that gold,while life enduresand the light of this world;let other kingsmake their demands of you,but this we keep.'

English translation: own translation.

Atli kvað:'Hér skulu þérhanga báðirá gálga,nema þér gefiðgull it rauða.'Gunnarr kvað þat:'Svá scal vera.'
Atli said:'Here shall youboth hangon the gallows,unless you givethe red gold.'Gunnarr answered:'So shall it be.'

English translation: own translation.

Hǫgna kvað þat:'Hvat mun þér Gunnarrgott af gefa,ef þú segir Atlumsannyrði þessa?'Gunnarr svarar:'Eigi mun ek selja,þótt ek sé bundinn.'
Högni spoke:'What good will it do you, Gunnarr,if you tell Atlithe truth of this matter?'Gunnarr answers:'I shall never sell,not even bound as I am.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá bað Atlihjarta Hǫgnahöggva ór brjóstihvassum knífi,blóðugt at beraá bjarta skálkonungi til skemtunar,kveðja hann sanna.
Then Atli commandedthat Högni's heartbe cut from his breastwith a sharp knife,borne bleedingon a bright dishfor the king's entertainment,to compel him to confess.

English translation: own translation.

Hirti þrællinnhjarta Hjalla,blaut var þat ok blœðði,bar á skál gulli;lagði hann á dískardaufan ok hræðinn,bar Atlumá bjǫrt ker.
The thrall tookHjalli's heart,it was soft and bleeding,bore it on a golden dish;he laid it on the platter,faint and trembling,bore it to Atliin a bright vessel.

English translation: own translation.

Þá kvað Hǫgni,hugr var þeim sterkr:'Hér liggr hjartaHjalla ins blauða,lítt líkist þatHǫgna hjarta;hræddara var þater á hella lá.
Then Högni spoke,his spirit was strong:'Here lies the heartof the coward Hjalli,it is little likeHögni's heart;it was more fearfulas it lay on the stone.'

English translation: own translation.

Hér skulu þér núhjarta mér sjá,blóðugt ór brjóstiHǫgna ins frœkna;lítt líkist þatHjalla er hræddask,sem er stilltí sterku brjósti.
Here shall you nowsee my heart,bloody from the breastof bold Högni;it is little likethat of the fearful Hjalli,for it lies stillin a strong breast.

English translation: own translation.

Hlógu þeir Niflungar,er hjarta sáuHǫgna ins frœknaá hlaut-teini;Lék þat á skálinni,lagðisk þó kyrrt,stóð í sterkumstáls líki.
The Niflungs laughedwhen they saw the heartof bold Högnion the sacrificial twig;it quivered on the dishbut then lay still,firm in a strongsteel-like calm.

English translation: own translation.

Hlóð inn þriðjaGunnarr konungr,sá er einn veitvaxins golls stað;myndu ár ok Rínráða þvi,gulls hvarr byggigengi Goþa.
The third one laughed,King Gunnarr,he who alone knowswhere the swelling gold lies;the Rhine and its riversshall govern it,where the gold restsamong the Gothic people.

English translation: own translation.

Gunnarr kvað þat:'Nú em ek einner einn veitvaxins golls stað;aldri mun Atlivita þat af mér,meðan líf lifir,ljós þessa heims.'
Gunnarr spoke:'Now I am the only onewho alone knowswhere the swelling gold lies;never shall Atlilearn it from me,while life endures,the light of this world.'

English translation: own translation.

Rín skal ráðarauðu gulli,þat it áskynja, áðr ek dœya;mun í vatnivaxins golls geyma,heldr en á hendiHúna bera.
The Rhine shall governthe red gold,that divine gold,before I die;in the water shallthe swelling gold be hidden,rather than it be bornein the hands of the Huns.

English translation: own translation.

Fór þá Gunnarrí gorm-garð,haptr ok í hǫftumtil húss leiddr;þar sat hannþjóðkonungr,harðan hlutof hljóta skyldi.
Gunnarr was led thento the serpent-yard,bound and in fettersbrought to the hall;there he sat,king of the people,a hard fatewas decreed for him.

English translation: own translation.

Sendi þá Guðrúngullna hǫrpuinn í gorm-garðat Gunnari;hann tók hennarhljóðs at njóta,strengleikarslóg hann fögrligr.
Then Guðrún senta golden harpinto the serpent-yardto Gunnarr;he took itto enjoy its sound,beautifully he playedthe play of strings.

English translation: own translation.

Hann lék harpuhœfðingi líkr,strengi nam þarsterkum támat slá fótum;svá at ormarof sofnuðu allir,nema einn naðr.
He played the harpas befits a chieftain,took the stringswith strong toesand played with his feet;so that all the serpentsfell asleep,save one adder.

English translation: own translation.

Naðr einn naðr,nǫkkviðr ok svartr,fló upp af jörðu,fann hann þegar;beit hann legginn líflega,svá at líf laukljósa konungs.
One single adder,knotted and black,flew up from the earth,found him at once;it bit him in the leg,the living limb,so that life endedfor the bright king.

English translation: own translation.

Fekk þat Guðrún,grét þá fast,ór brjósti barbǫl þat mikit;hlógu þegarHúnar allirer hon grétgóðan mann.
Guðrún learned of it,wept then hard,from her breast she borethat great sorrow;all the Huns laughedat oncewhen she weptfor the good man.

English translation: own translation.

Hlógu þeir Húnarer hon grét fast,þat er Atliyðis minntisk;grét Guðrúngóðan bróður,hvárr at öðrumharma grœtti.
The Huns laughedwhen she wept hard,that which Atlirecalled of your covenant;Guðrún weptfor her good brother,each let the other'sgrief add to their own.

English translation: own translation.

Grét hon fastok fyr frœknum sat,í húsi at hjóniharmi fullr;hyggðisk þar tilþytr ok grát,hvenær er húnhefnd of reyndisk.
She wept hardand sat before the brave men,in the hall beside her husband,full of grief;she was already thinkingof lamentation and weeping,when shewas testing her plan for revenge.

English translation: own translation.

Þá er nótt varnáin, drakk mjaðar,létu líf mennlanga hvíld;ein vakðiAtla húsfreyja,hugðisk þar umharma sína.
When night came on,mead was drunk,men let their livesrest long;alone kept watchAtli's lady of the house,thinking overher sorrows.

English translation: own translation.

Hon minnisk brœðrabana ok harm,þeira er hún elskaðiskaf öllu hjarta;sitr ok þytrþar til solrinn,ok sér til landsliggja þá.
She remembered her brothers'deaths and grief,those whom she had lovedwith all her heart;she sits and lamentsuntil the sun set,and gazes out over the landlying still.

English translation: own translation.

Atla kvað hon þáaf sofa vakna:'Hvat dreymðit þik,dróttinn Huna?sóttir þú til mínsínum meiðum,þat er þú vildirvíst heyra?'
She then addressed Atli,roused him from sleep:'What did you dream,lord of the Huns?did you come to mewith your own wounds,that which you trulywished to hear?'

English translation: own translation.

Atli kvað:'Dreymðit mik, Guðrún,grimt hugðak vera,ok sá ek rjúfarœkinn minn;ráku ór holtihjǫrtr baðir,blóð bar á beð þeirablandinn mjǫðr.'
Atli spoke:'I dreamed, Guðrún,I thought it was terrible,and I saw destroyedmy cleared land;from the forest were drivenboth stags,blood stained their lairmixed with mead.'

English translation: own translation.

Guðrún kvað:'Ek mun þérþetta þýða:dauðir munu veradýr þín bráðla;þú vart þeim at bana,bǫlr þér munat,þó mun sá dagrdraga á langa.'
Guðrún spoke:'I shallinterpret this for you:your beasts shall soonbe dead;you were their slayer,that shall be your ruin,yet that dayshall be long in coming.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá var Atliaf svefni vakinn,þóttisk hann veraþeim til hafðr;hvarf ór sæing,sofnaðisk síðan,ok þóttisk missamargs þess er hann átti.
Then Atli wasroused from sleep,he thought himselfprepared for them;he left his bed,then fell back to sleep,and thought he had lostmuch of what he had owned.

English translation: own translation.

Guðrún gekk þátil gullhúss síns,tók sveinana tváaf tignar stóli;Erpr ok Eitill,þar er þeir leiku,hverr þeira hafðihjarta í brjósti.
Guðrún went thento her treasure-hall,took the two boysfrom the seat of honor;Erpr and Eitill,where they were playing,each of themhad a heart in his breast.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mæltu drengirdrengiliga:'Hverr þessi munhörmungar framm bera?En ef vér eigumöngva vanhœfu,þá munum vér berjaþik ór búi þínu.'
Then the boys spokebravely:'Who shall carry forwardthese tidings of grief?But if we havedone no wrong,then we shall driveyou from your house.'

English translation: own translation.

Guðrún galt þágrimmt við sonu:'Farið eigi sváfrœkn at máli;þit skuluð báðirbana verða Atla,svá at ek getagnógt hefnt Gunnar.'
Guðrún replied thenharshly to her sons:'Do not speakso boldly;you two shall bothbring death to Atli,so that I mayavenge Gunnarr fully.'

English translation: own translation.

Gengu þeir þátil gullhúss síns,tóku sveinana tváaf tignar stóli;Guðrún skar þágrjóthörðum hendi,bjó svá tilbeggja sveinanna.
They went thento her treasure-hall,took the two boysfrom the seat of honor;Guðrún cut thenwith stone-hard hand,and so preparedthe fate of both boys.

English translation: own translation.

Blóð þeira tók honok bar til borðs,gaf Atla drykkí gullkeri;hjörtu þeiraá hrafni steikti,bar til borðsþann bita konungi.
Their blood she tookand carried to the table,gave Atli to drinkin a golden cup;their heartsshe roasted on a spit,and bore to the tablethat morsel for the king.

English translation: own translation.

Þá drakk Atliaf arnar beini,var hann ekkiámælilegr þat;Guðrún sat þarglöð við enda,þaut hon ok þagði,þvít þegar skyldi.
Then Atli drankfrom the eagle's bone,he was notblameworthy in that;Guðrún sat thereglad at the table's end,she gloated and was silent,for the moment was near.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Guðrún,Gjúka dóttir:'Áttu, Atli,eigi vel sofnað,er þú sváfatvið sveinana míná?Enn muntu sjásonar blóð þitt.'
Then Guðrún spoke,daughter of Gjúki:'Have you, Atli,not slept well,when you laywith my boys?You shall yet seeyour children's blood.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Atliinn ríki þaðan:'Þess mun verðaþungr um aldrtíma,hefir þú þitthlýrt at geri;hvat þykki þérþrár koma svá?'
Then Atli spoke,the mighty, from there:'This shall bea heavy burden for long,you have given yourkindness to the wolf;what does it seem to you,though it comes so?'

English translation: own translation.

Guðrún galt þágrimmt við Atla:'Þat er mér gleðiGunnar at hefna,er þú hlutaðirtil Hlymdala;þú skyldir aldriarfa hljóta þeira.'
Guðrún replied thenharshly to Atli:'It is my joyto avenge Gunnarr,since you took partin the deed at Hlymdalir;you never deservedto be their heir.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá grét Atliinn ríki þaðan,var hann mjöká mikinn harm;sat hann við grjótok grét langan,vildi þávilja engan.
Then Atli wept,the mighty, from there,he was deeplyin great grief;he sat by the stoneand wept for long,and wanted thennothing at all.

English translation: own translation.

Guðrún gekk þáok gaf honum kveðju,sagði honum sattsvá sem var:'Þú hlutaðir þesser nú hefir orðit,fékk þú sérfátt til geðs.'
Guðrún went thenand gave him a greeting,told him the truthas it was:'You had a share in thatwhich has now come to pass,you gained for yourselflittle for joy.'

English translation: own translation.

Sagði hon þat síðansvefn mundi honum koma,bauð honum at gangatil beðjar síns;hón lagðisk hjá honumok hlóð járni,þar lagðit þau samanþjóðkonungs mey.
She told him thenthat sleep would come to him,bade him goto his bed;she laid herself beside himand lifted the iron,there they lay together,the mighty king's maid.

English translation: own translation.

Vaknaði Atli,vildi þá skilja,er hann fann sárá sér blœða;brá hann til hennarblóðgar hendr,spurði hón hvathann hafði unnit.
Atli woke,and wished to understand,when he felt woundsbleeding on him;he reached toward herwith bloody hands,she asked him whathe had done.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Atliinn ríki þegar:'Slíkt kveð ek illsillr maðr gørt hafa;hefir þú deyftdauda sveinanna,ek man þér gefagótt um þat.'
Then Atli spoke,the mighty, at once:'Such evil I call itthat a wicked person has done;you have silencedthe death-cries of the boys,I shall give yougood return for that.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti GuðrúnGjúka dóttir:'Þú munt gjaldagrimmt, Atli,allt þat illser þú hefir unnit,drápt þú Gunnarok Hǫgna.'
Then Guðrún spoke,daughter of Gjúki:'You shall paygrimly, Atli,for all the evilthat you have done,you slew Gunnarrand Högni.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Atliinn ríki þaðan:'Mér þykkir þatmjök til ills komizt,hefir þú fengitfár þitt at ljúka;muntu þat séskamma stund lifa.'
Then Atli spoke,the mighty, from there:'It seems to meto have come to great evil,you have broughtyour own doom to its end;you shall see thisand live but a short time.'

English translation: own translation.

Guðrún galt þágrimmt við Atla:'Mun þú enn lifalítt um stund;skulum vér samansíðr fara,þvít þat hefirþurft at gjalda.'
Guðrún replied thenharshly to Atli:'You shall yet livebut a little while;we shall togetherdepart thereafter,for it has beenneedful to pay.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá gekk honat ganga ór salok hringlagahöllin í eldi lagði;vakti hon þáþrǽlar Atlaok kallað þákynnu at drekka.
Then she wentto leave the halland the ring-shapedhall she set to flames;she woke thenAtli's thrallsand called themto come and drink.

English translation: own translation.

Eldr nam þá at gangaá öllum vegum,urðu við þatvér at velta;þeir er í borginnibeðu inni,brann sem glóðbúinn garðr.
The fire began to spreadin every direction,we were forcedto roll and flee;those who waitedinside the stronghold,burned like embersthe built hall.

English translation: own translation.

Urðu þeir at hljótahvat er helzt var,þeir er inni váruok eldr lék;fell sjá þjóðok þeira dóttir,urðu þeir at bíðabana af þessum.
They had to receivewhatever there was,those who were insidewhen the fire played;this people felland their daughters,they had to enduredeath from this.

English translation: own translation.

Svá hefnt Guðrúnsína bræðr,þvít hon hétHögna dráp;ok Gunnargullsjúks dauða,mey þjóðkonungsþar mátti heyra.
So Guðrún avengedher brothers,for she had vowedover Högni's slaying;and Gunnarr'sgold-greedy death,the mighty king's maidcould be heard there.

English translation: own translation.

Síðan heyrðuskslíkar þrár,þær er Guðrúngrátandi sagði;mikill var þámæðr konungs,var hann mjöká mikinn harm.
Afterward were heardsuch laments,those that Guðrúnspoke while weeping;great was thenthe king's grief,he was deeplyin great sorrow.

English translation: own translation.

Rann þá blóðat ranni Atla,brann sem glóðgarðr inn langa;fell þar þjóðok þeira dróttning,urðu þeir at bíðabana niðingligr.
Blood flowed thenat Atli's hall,burned like embersthe long hall;people fell thereand their queen,they had to endurea craven's death.

English translation: own translation.

Þat var gnóg hefndGuðrúnar;ella hafðierfiðara búit;hón hafði funditfrænda sína dauða,svá at alla dagaldri gleymdi.
That was enoughof Guðrún's vengeance;otherwise she would havehad harder still to bear;she had foundher kinsmen dead,so that all her daysshe never forgot.

English translation: own translation.

Svá þær konurkváðu á þá daga,er gnógt líðrgumna hverr;enn of þessaœðri dáð,mun lengi lifaljóð í heimi.
So spoke those womenin those days,when each man'sfate is enough;but of thismore noble deed,shall long livethe lay in the world.

English translation: own translation.

Slíkt mun verasem mér segir:sjalfr mun jǫrðof sigan alla,líðr á loptok á lǫg sjór,en þessi dáðdeyr aldri.
Such will beas is told to me:the earth itselfshall sink entirely,the sea rises upinto the air,but this deedshall never die.

English translation: own translation.

Key concepts

  • Atli , Attila the Hun king, whose greed and cruelty drive the plot to catastrophe
  • Gunnarr , the hero who would rather die in the serpent-pit than reveal the gold's hiding place; plays the harp with his toes
  • Guðrún , the avenger who kills her own children to punish Atli; more psychologically complex than in Atlakviða
  • Kostbera , Högni's wife who sees through the falsified runes and dreams of coming disaster
  • Glaumvör , Gunnarr's wife whose prophetic dreams of gallows and dead women go unheeded

Interpretive traditions

A What we know

Atlamál hin grœnlenzku is preserved in Codex Regius and tells the same story as Atlakviða but with considerably more detailed psychology and dialogue.

The poem's double dream-scenes (Kostbera and Glaumvör) have no counterpart in Atlakviða and provide a unique insight into the women's perspective.

The harp-playing in the serpent-pit and the heart-test are confirmed by several independent sources.

The málaháttr meter, with longer verse lines than fornyrðislag, gives the poem a narrative breadth unparalleled among Eddic poems.

B What we think we know

The epithet 'hin grœnlenzku' (the Greenlandic) has been intensively discussed. Some scholars take it literally as evidence of Greenlandic composition, others see it as a late attribution.

The relationship between Atlamál and Atlakviða is debated: whether one builds on the other or both independently rework a shared oral tradition cannot be determined with certainty.

C What we do not know

Whether the poem's psychological depth (especially the dream-scenes and Guðrún's inner conflict) reflects an actual change in narrative culture or is an individual poet's choice cannot be established with current evidence.

Sources and further reading

Primary sources

  • Neckel, Gustav, och Hans Kuhn. 1983. Edda: Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern. 5. uppl. Heidelberg: Winter.

Translations

  • Bellows, Henry Adams (trans.). 1923. The Poetic Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. (PD)
  • Larrington, Carolyne (trans.). 2014. The Poetic Edda. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Scholarly works

  • Lindow, John. 2001. Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Simek, Rudolf. 1993. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Angela Hall. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
  • de Vries, Jan. 1956–1957. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte. 2 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  • Turville-Petre, E. O. G. 1964. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.