Sigurðarkviða hin skamma

The Short Lay of Sigurðr

Den korta Sigurdsdikten

71 stanzas

Summary

A

Sigurðarkviða hin skamma ('The Short Lay of Sigurðr') is, despite its name, the longest Sigurðr poem in Codex Regius. It covers the entire narrative from Sigurðr's arrival at the Gjúkung court to Brynhildr's death on the pyre.

The poem depicts the memory-drink, the bride-deception (Sigurðr crosses the flame-wall in Gunnarr's shape and lays the sword Gramr between himself and Brynhildr), and Brynhildr's fury when the truth is uncovered.

Gunnarr and Högni hesitate before oath-breaking. Gutthormr, the younger brother unbound by oath, is fed wolf-meat and serpent to strengthen him for the killing. Sigurðr is slain outdoors. The dying Sigurðr speaks from his wound and exonerates Gunnarr from blame.

The poem's climax is Brynhildr's death scene. She prophesies Guðrún's future, demands a great pyre, and asks to be laid beside Sigurðr with the sword Gramr between them, as on the wedding night. She stabs herself and they burn together.

The story

Sigurðr suðr fórat sœkja Gjúka,framr á fólkvegifáðr í gulli;þar var glaðr konungrGjúkungum á þingi,þar lét hann líðalíðum til bekkja.
Sigurðr rode southwardto seek out Gjúki,bold on the warrior's road,adorned with gold;there was the glad kingat the Gjúkungs' assembly,there he let himself be ledto the benches of the hall.

English translation: own translation.

Þar drakk Sigurðrmeð sonum Gjúkalíði ok lífilongum stundum;þeir fóru samaná fólk at vegaok létu lífof land at sitja.
There Sigurðr drankwith the sons of Gjúkimead and lifethrough long seasons;they went togetherforth in battle against menand left their livesto rest over the land.

English translation: own translation.

Grímhildr kunnigaldra at ráða,bauð hon Sigurðibjórinn þar;á þat hugðiskat hon gleyma mundiSigurðr sonum Gjúkasvara skyldi.
Grímhildr knew wellhow to work magic spells,she offered Sigurðrthe ale-cup there;she had resolvedthat he should forget,that Sigurðr should answerto the sons of Gjúki.

English translation: own translation.

Þar var í horninuhrísrunnr mani,eitr ok ærvílok alls blóð saman;rúnar ok rinarRín á grjóti,allar í aspiinnskornar váru.
There was in the hornthe moon of the thickets,venom and maliceand blood of every kind mixed in;runes and carvingson stones by the Rhine,all into the aspen-woodinscribed they were.

English translation: own translation.

Nam hann hornit þáok drakk mjaðinn þar,ferr af honumforgörv of þat;minnisk eigimær Brynhildar,gleymir hann göfug orðer hann mælt hafði.
He took the horn thenand drank the mead there,away from himswept all that followed;he no longer remembersthe maiden Brynhildr,he forgets the noble wordsthat he had spoken.

English translation: own translation.

Þrjár náttúrurþórðu at Gjúka,þar kom aftrat fagna Sigurðr;giptusk dœtrdýrar Gjúka,Guðrún varð þágefin Sigurði.
Three nights stayedSigurðr with Gjúki,there he came againto be welcomed;the precious daughtersof Gjúki were given in marriage,Guðrún then was givento Sigurðr.

English translation: own translation.

Síðan fóru þeirat sœkja Brynhildi,Gunnarr ok Högniok Gjúka sonr;Sigurðr fór samansvá sem bræðr þeir,eiðar váru þeimallir of svarir.
Then they rode outto seek Brynhildr,Gunnarr and Högniand the son of Gjúki;Sigurðr rode together with themas though they were brothers,oaths had theyall sworn to one another.

English translation: own translation.

Sat Brynhildrá borg á fjalli,logar lýstuof land ok sæ;varð á vegivitrari engisá er vill faraok fríða konungs.
Brynhildr saton the fortress on the mountain,flames shoneover land and sea;there was on the roadnone wiserwho wished to ride forthand woo the king's woman.

English translation: own translation.

Olli þess Gunnarrat ganga vildielda ljómainn at honum;hestr hans treystiskeigi at hlenna,Gota reið eigiGrimr af fjalli.
It came about that Gunnarrwished to passthrough the blazing firein to her;his horse darednot leap the barrier,Goti would not carryGrim down from the mountain.

English translation: own translation.

Þá bað GunnarrGrímhildar sonat hann ríða skyldireiðar logar;Högni svaraðihonum þegar:'Lítið þykki mérliðs þér at veita.'
Then Gunnarr askedthe son of Grímhildrthat he should ridethrough the raging flames;Högni answered himstraightaway:'Little help it seems to meto offer you in this.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá minnti Gunnarrat þeir mælt höfðuok eiða unnitallir saman;þá gekk Sigurðrí stað Gunnars,tók á líkilíki Gunnars.
Then Gunnarr reminded themof what they had spokenand oaths they had allmade together;then Sigurðr stepped forwardin Gunnarr's place,and put on the form,the likeness of Gunnarr.

English translation: own translation.

Reið hann loganslíkn at kveða,Grana reið hannglaðr í hvelli;eldar sloknaðuaf sókn hans,loga þörfuþegnar vildu.
He rode through the flamesand spoke them to calm,Grane he rodegladly through the roar;the fires died downbefore his advance,the retainers wishedthe warmth of the flames.

English translation: own translation.

Þá fann Sigurðrá sæing Brynhildi,sá hvat heithjálmr á höfði,váru brynjurblóð of stökkvanda,sverð lá hjá hennisem hjá syni.
Then Sigurðr foundBrynhildr on the bed,he saw how the helmetblazed on her head,the mail-coats wereblood-stained,the sword lay beside heras beside a son.

English translation: own translation.

Þá bað Sigurðrbrúðar at njóta,lag hann þarlíðr at sofa;lagðisk sverðsnart í millum þeira,Gramr er hétgullhjöltum svert.
Then Sigurðr declaredthe bride to be honoured,he lay down therealongside to sleep;the sword was placedswiftly between them,Gramr was the nameof the gold-hilted blade.

English translation: own translation.

Sat upp Brynhildr,sagði þessi orð:'Hvat er þér manna,mær er mér komit?Sá er Gunnars líkr,er ek sé á bekkjum,eðr er þér annarsafli meiri?'
Brynhildr sat upand spoke these words:'What manner of manhas come to me here?You resemble Gunnarras I see on the benches,or do you carryanother's greater strength?'

English translation: own translation.

Sigurðr þagði,svaraði seint,nam hann þá mælamannlig orð:'Gunnarr em ek',sagði gramr hinn dýri,'ok Gjúkasonr,goða konungs son.'
Sigurðr was silentand answered slowly,then he began to speakin manly words:'I am Gunnarr',said the noble warrior,'and the son of Gjúki,son of the good king.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti BrynhildrBuðla dóttir:'Vel skaltu Gunnarrgipta þiggja,gef þér ek gjöfef þú vilt þiggja,gull ok landok Gjúka arfar.'
Then spoke Brynhildr,the daughter of Buðli:'Well shall you, Gunnarr,receive the gift of fortune,I give you a giftif you will receive it,gold and landsand the inheritance of Gjúki.'

English translation: own translation.

Þrjár váru nætrat þeir sváfu saman,sverð lá snartí millum þeira;þá mælti Sigurðrsannorðr konungr:'Né hef ek atannara konungs konu.'
Three nights they wereand slept together,the sword lay swiftlybetween them;then spoke Sigurðr,the truth-keeping king:'I do not takeanother king's wife.'

English translation: own translation.

Fór þá Brynhildrat bræðri sínumok sagði honumsárt um þetta:'Hví réðu þér svá',sagði sú dís dýr,'at selja mérsvikara mann?'
Then Brynhildr wentto her brotherand told himbitterly of this:'Why did you counsel so',said that noble woman,'as to give mea deceiver for a husband?'

English translation: own translation.

Þat sá Gunnarrat grátr var hennar,sat við hlið hennarsvá sem þat skyldi;minnti hann þáat hann hafði unniteld at ríðaallra manna fyrst.
Gunnarr sawthat she was weeping,sat at her sideas was fitting;he reminded her thenthat he had riddenthrough the firebefore all other men.

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti BrynhildrBuðla dóttir:'Gat ek aldriþess at gjaldaat ek þykkjumskþín kona vera,þar er sá maðrsá er meiri er þér.'
Thus spoke Brynhildr,the daughter of Buðli:'I never receivedthat which repays,that I consider myselfto be your wife,while that man liveswho is greater than you.'

English translation: own translation.

Reið Sigurðr heimok rauðan hjálm,gaf hann Guðrúnugullbaugana þá;Brynhildr varð þábitr at sjá þat,er Guðrún hafðigullbaugana þá.
Sigurðr rode homewith the red helmet,he gave Guðrúnthe gold rings then;Brynhildr grew bitterto see that,that Guðrún worethose gold rings.

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti BrynhildrBuðla dóttir,stóð á tröppu,starfaði reiðr:'Mun Guðrún gangaat glæpa Gjúka,eðr vildi honvíg til sœkja?'
Then spoke Brynhildr,the daughter of Buðli,she stood on the threshold,she stamped in fury:'Will Guðrún goand disgrace Gjúki,or does she wishto seek out strife?'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti GuðrúnGjúka dóttir:'Hvat er þér Brynhildr,at þú bitrask svá?Ek em öðrumeigi ófegni,eðr er þér meiriaf mínum gæðum?'
Then spoke Guðrún,the daughter of Gjúki:'What is it to you, Brynhildr,that you grow so bitter?I begrudge othersno good fortune either,or do my giftsbring you greater bitterness?'

English translation: own translation.

Þá gekk BrynhildrBuðla dóttirút at standaá dyrr stofunnar;hón kvað at sérkoma skylduSigurð at vinnasóknir mærar.
Then Brynhildr went,Buðli's daughter,out to standat the hall-door;she declared that to hershould comeSigurðr to winthe glorious battles.

English translation: own translation.

Hón sat útiá kveld dags,þá er Sigurðr reiðtil ríkis síns;Brynhildr þagnaði,þrungit var henni,svá at lítt mæltilengr við Gunnar.
She sat outsidein the evening,when Sigurðr rodeto his domain;Brynhildr fell silent,oppressed within,so that she spoke littlemore with Gunnarr.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarrkonung góðan:'Hvat hefir þér þungthugðum orðit,eða hverr hefir þérharmar veitt,þú gengr svá fǫlsem fell líki?'
Then spoke Gunnarr,the good king:'What has weighed upon youin your heart,or who has caused yougrief,you walk so paleas one laid in death?'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti BrynhildrBuðla dóttir,reiðr ok rauðrreið henni hugr:'Láttu mik, Gunnarr,leynt eru mínarsakir þínarsvá sem skyldi.'
Then spoke Brynhildr,Buðli's daughter,wrathful and flushed,her spirit rode her hard:'Leave me, Gunnarr,kept hidden are mygrievances against youas they ought to be.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarrgramr enna dýri:'Seg þú mér, Brynhildr,þvíat segja þik mynda,hverr hefir þérharm veitta,Sigurðr eða synirGjúka konungs?'
Then spoke Gunnarr,the noble lord:'Tell me, Brynhildr,for I would tell you,who has brought youhurt,Sigurðr or the sonsof King Gjúki?'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti BrynhildrBuðla dóttir:'Sigurðr vann mik,sverðs á meðal,þó at hann heitit hafiheill at lifna;þess vil ek hefnahvat sem kostar.'
Thus spoke Brynhildr,Buðli's daughter:'Sigurðr won me,with a sword between us,though he had swornto live in faith;this I will avengewhatever the cost.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarrgramr enna dýri:'Gengr þú, Brynhildr,á gall ok reiði;hafa skalt þú Sigurðsakðan at réttu,mun ek þér gjaldagott sem skyldi.'
Then spoke Gunnarr,the noble lord:'You walk, Brynhildr,in gall and wrath;you shall have Sigurðrjustly blamed,I will repay youthe good that is your due.'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti BrynhildrBuðla dóttir:'Sá er oss dýrrdauðr Sigurðr;þér em ek seinniat standa hjá,ok mun ek faratil frænda minna.'
Thus spoke Brynhildr,Buðli's daughter:'He who is precious to usis Sigurðr, dead;I am slow to standbeside you,and I will goto my kinsmen.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarr,gramr enna dýri:'Sit þú, Brynhildr,ok sér þú ráð mín;ek man þér gefagull ok dóma,ef þú ert friðsömfrænda mínum.'
Then spoke Gunnarr,the noble lord:'Sit, Brynhildr,and hear my counsel;I will give yougold and power,if you are at peacewith my kinsmen.'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti BrynhildrBuðla dóttir:'Ek em ú þigg]andiþíns ens góða;drepr þú, Gunnarr,drengskapr mun þat,eða þoler þúþrælskapr at vera.'
Thus spoke Brynhildr,Buðli's daughter:'I will not acceptyour generous offer;strike, Gunnarr,that is true manhood,or endureto be a thrall's equal.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarrkonung góðan,ok fór at hittaHögna bróður:'Kveðjum vit Sigurðkvikvan lífi,eða drepa vit hanndómi sínum.'
Then spoke Gunnarr,the good king,and went to findhis brother Högni:'Let us appeal to Sigurðrfor his living life,or let us slay himby our own judgment.'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti Högni,hugðisk vel at hyggja:'Okkr er at þvíódrengskapr mikill,at við bróðureiðabrotnum berum,ok þá er goð munugjalda okkr.'
Thus spoke Högni,he considered it carefully:'For us it isgreat dishonor,to carry brokenoaths of brotherhood,and the gods willrequite us for it.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarrgramr enna dýri:'Brynhildr man of farafrá mér braut,ok þat veit ekat ek unna hennilífi meiraen lífi mínu.'
Then spoke Gunnarr,the noble lord:'Brynhildr will departaway from me,and I know this,that I love herwith my life's worth,more than my own life.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Högni,hugðisk vel at hyggja:'Hlíft skyldir þúhǫfðingjum þínum,ok ek mun aldrivill at þessum,Sigurðr er at okkrseggr inn bezti.'
Then spoke Högni,he considered it carefully:'You ought to protectyour chieftains,and I will neverconsent to this,Sigurðr is to usthe best of warriors.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarrgramr enna dýri:'Guttormr mun gjarnagera þetta,ungr er hann ok œrr,við eiða bundinn;hann var þeira brœðraþriðja eigi.'
Then spoke Gunnarr,the noble lord:'Gutthormr will willinglydo this deed,young is he and fierce,unbound by oaths;he was not the thirdin the brothers' bond.'

English translation: own translation.

Varg var gefinnok valr sleginnGuttormi at gangagegn Sigurði;heitið þat mundihlífa mǫnnumer eiðar liggjaallir í brjósti.
Wolf was given himand eagle-flesh stirred infor Gutthormr to eatbefore going against Sigurðr;that pledge was meant toprotect the menwhose oaths all restwithin their breasts.

English translation: own translation.

Þá gekk Guttormrganga at Sigurði,lagði hann hjǫrum hálsinn;en Sigurðr brásverði at Guttormi,svá at tvau stykkitóku gólfinu.
Then Gutthormr wenttoward Sigurðr,he drove the swordaround his neck;but Sigurðr swunghis sword at Gutthormr,so that in two piecesthey reached the floor.

English translation: own translation.

Fló þar blóðum bringu Sigurðar,fekk hann sáraf sverðs eggjum;Sigurðr varð dauðrá dúni norðr,en Guðrún grétyfir Gjúka mǫg.
Blood flowed thereover Sigurðr's breast,he received woundsfrom the sword's edge;Sigurðr fell deadon the moor to the north,and Guðrún weptover Gjúki's son.

English translation: own translation.

Grét þá Guðrúnsvá at grátr fló,en hón klófnaðiok knátti vína;þá er sú konakvíðin mjöker hón fann Sigurðfalla dauðan.
Then Guðrún weptso that the weeping flowed,and she broke apartand found voice to lament;greatly anguishedwas that womanwhen she found Sigurðrfallen in death.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Sigurðr,sárr af legu,með ginnungargegn Guðrúnu:'Grátu eigi þú,Guðrún, sár mínar,þær er þín frændrþér velldu.'
Then spoke Sigurðr,wounded from where he lay,with dying breathtoward Guðrún:'Weep not, you,Guðrún, for my wounds,those that your kinsmenbrought upon you.'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti Sigurðr,sárr af legu:'Gunnarr þolirþínar sakir,en orlogar þeiraaldri lagðisk,at kunnr hafðikastat eiðum.'
Thus spoke Sigurðr,wounded from where he lay:'Gunnarr bearsyour reproaches,but the strife between themwas never laid to rest,since the renowned onehad cast aside the oaths.'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti Sigurðr,sárr af legu:'Svá er Brynhildrborin at þrotum,at kona súkynni migeinu aflialla daga.'
Thus spoke Sigurðr,wounded from where he lay:'So is Brynhildrdriven to extremity,that that womanknew mewith one single forceall her days.'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti Sigurðr,sárr af legu:'Þess hefk eiðaroft unnit,at ek Guðrúnugefa myndalíf mitt ok líkamliggja á Hlökkvar.'
Thus spoke Sigurðr,wounded from where he lay:'Those oathsI have often kept,that I would give to Guðrúnall I had,my life and bodypledged to Hlökkvar.'

English translation: own translation.

Þat mælti Sigurðr,sárr af legu,síðasta orðsagði hann þetta:'Sé á mik, Guðrún,sonr Gjúka;aldri hefk ekella farit þér.'
Thus spoke Sigurðr,wounded from where he lay,these last wordshe spoke:'Look upon me, Guðrún,son of Gjúki;never have Iotherwise gone against you.'

English translation: own translation.

Hló þá Brynhildr,Buðla dóttir,einu sinniaf öllum hug,er hon heyrðiharmljóð kveðinGuðrúnar grátsof gull hylja.
Then Brynhildr laughed,Buðli's daughter,once onlywith all her heart,when she heardthe lament sung,Guðrún's weepinghiding the gold.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Gunnarr,gumna dróttinn:'Hvat hlær þú, hvítings,harmr þik eigi gnæfir,líkr er þér lítrlíkr blár roðinn,eða vilt þú dauðradrótt þína vel.'
Then Gunnarr spoke,lord of men:'Why do you laugh, white-clad one,does grief not weigh on you,your color resemblesthe blue-red of death,or do you wish to seeyour company of the dead well?'

English translation: own translation.

Þagði þá Brynhildr,Buðla dóttir,langar stundir,áðr hon löng um þagði;þá mælti BrynhildrBuðla dóttirvið Gunnar konungorð fyr orðit:
Brynhildr fell silent,Buðli's daughter,for a long while,before she spoke her long silence through;then Brynhildr spoke,Buðli's daughter,to king Gunnarrword by word:

English translation: own translation.

'Mun ek þér, Gunnarr,greppi ráða,munþú líf mistmíns in ríka;of komit hefrá kiðlings vegr,þar sem þú heldrhvárki tryggð né eiða.'
'I will tell you, Gunnarr,the warrior's counsel,you will lose your lifebecause of my greatness;it has come nowto the kid's path,where you holdneither faith nor oaths.'

English translation: own translation.

'Muntu, Gunnarr,ganga á fund Atla,ok muntu þarmist lífs hafa;mun Atli þiká orms þing kalla,þar sem þú dreprdauðr af löndum.'
'You will, Gunnarr,go to meet Atli,and you will therelose your life;Atli will summon youto the serpent's assembly,where you will falldead from the lands.'

English translation: own translation.

'Þá mun Atlieiga Guðrúnu,þat er þér verraþykkir allra hluta;mun hon gefaAtla börn sín,þau mun hon síðanof sjálf drepa.'
'Then Atli willpossess Guðrún,that which seems to youworst of all things;she will giveAtli her children,those she will afterwardsherself slay.'

English translation: own translation.

'Mun Guðrúnganga til Atlaok munu þarmikit harm þola;aldri mun honuna sér heima,þess vill hon gjaldsaf þér gjalda.'
'Guðrún willgo to Atliand will theresuffer great harm;she will neverfind peace at home,that repayment she willexact from you.'

English translation: own translation.

Þá gekk Gunnarrtil hennar enn,bað hana lífsok lauk við gull;bað hana lífsok lauk við land,bað hana lífsok lauk við dróttin.
Then Gunnarr wentto her again,begged her to liveand offered gold;begged her to liveand offered land,begged her to liveand offered a lord.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mælti Brynhildr,Buðla dóttir,vildi fátt þiggjafrá frændum sínum:'Vilk eigi, Gunnarr,golli keypta,né líf hafaat launum þess.'
Then Brynhildr spoke,Buðli's daughter,willing to accept littlefrom her kinsmen:'I will not, Gunnarr,be bought with gold,nor keep my lifeas payment for that.'

English translation: own translation.

'Spyr ek þik, Gunnarr,þat er ek spurða aldri,hvers þér óáðrofljóst varð:hví skaut þú mikaf sæti mérok þverr þú núþvert um hlíðar?'
'I ask you, Gunnarr,what I have never asked,what was never beforeclear to you:why did you thrust mefrom my seatand do you now wandersidelong across the slopes?'

English translation: own translation.

'Nú mun ek biðjabál of gørva,þat er œðst megiöllum þykkja;mun ek brennaá báli Sigurðarmeð góðum gram,þeim er mik gat.'
'Now I will askfor a pyre to be built,the greatest thatmay seem to all;I will burnon Sigurðr's pyrewith the good king,the one who won me.'

English translation: own translation.

'Leggið til mínsloga þeira mannafimm ambáttirok fimm þrælar,ok Hákon jafnborinnok aðra þrjá,ef ek þykkjumkþat þurft hafa.'
'Add to myflame's companyfive bondwomenand five thralls,and Hákon of equal birthand three others,if I findthat I have need of it.'

English translation: own translation.

'Leggið í milliokkart sverð Gramr,svá sem við lögðumeitt sinn í sæing,þá er við gengumí giftir samanok ek varð þáþegar kvenna mín.'
'Lay betweenus the sword Gramr,as we laid itonce in the bed,when we wenttogether to the bridal bedand I was then at oncemy own among women.'

English translation: own translation.

'Eigi mun á hliðhans ganga eksem kvennmann þykkjumkþó kveðit sé;þvíat ganga þriggjaþjóðkonungahér á bak mérhjálmar of borinn.'
'I will go at his sideas no mere woman,though it may be said so;for three great kingswalk in my train,behind me carried,bearing helmet,warriors of the host.'

English translation: own translation.

Síðan stákatSigurðr of lífi,þá er hon stóðsterkr á baki Fáfnis,hón stakk siksverði til hjarta,féll at Sigurðrok fór af lífi.
Then she stabbedaround Sigurðr's life,where she had stoodstrong on Fáfnir's back,she thrust the swordinto her own heart,fell beside Sigurðrand passed from life.

English translation: own translation.

Þá mæltu mennmargir at þvi,ok kvaðusk þatkenna skyldu,at þær munduþjónar njótaok koma skylduskkonungr til handa.
Then many mensaid of this,and declared that theyshould know it,that those handmaidenswould receive the benefitand should comeat the king's hand.

English translation: own translation.

Lézk Brynhildrof bál at lítahvat sem Gunnarigagni gaf:hlutu þær þessþjónar at njótaer Gunnari þóttigott þat vera.
Brynhildr had lookedto the pyreto see what would giveGunnarr benefit:the handmaidens receivedtheir portion of itas Gunnarr judgedto be good.

English translation: own translation.

Þá var bál of kynntkynni eldi,hlóðu þar á hliðhjörtu þeira;skyldu svá hérsaman brennaþau er lifuá lífi saman.
Then the pyre was litwith pine-fire,they laid there besidetheir hearts;so would they hereburn together,those who had livedtheir life together.

English translation: own translation.

Brann þar Sigurðrá báli suðr,ok Brynhildr blíðá báli norðr;unðu þar veleftir verk mikit,er þau várusaman bæði barin.
Sigurðr burned thereon the pyre to the south,and gentle Brynhildron the pyre to the north;they rested wellafter the great deed,when they were carriedtogether both.

English translation: own translation.

Þá var svá sagtinum snotra manni,at þau munduþar saman lifaok gleðjask þarmeð glaðan þjóð,þar sem gangagulli raktar.
Then it was saidby the wise man,that they wouldlive there togetherand rejoice therewith a joyful people,where those adornedwith gold walk.

English translation: own translation.

Gunnarr hafðií gaman setitþás lík vará land borit;sitja máttusumir af leiðok kveintu þarkonungr ok dróttning.
Gunnarr satin grieving stillnesswhen the bodywas carried to land;some could remain seatedalong the wayand lamentation was heardfrom king and queen.

English translation: own translation.

Minnumk þessþárs mærkr liggjaí austrvegaok Atla fundum,þás vér brunnubál at kynnaok ór heimihvárir skildum.
We remember it,where the forests layalong eastern waysand we met Atli,when we kindledthe pyre's fireand each of usparted from the world.

English translation: own translation.

Þá varð þat seðrsíðan heimi,at þeira kvæðakynni fornit,þau er Brynhildrbrann of kveðinok Sigurðr gramrsaman urðu.
Thereafter it became customin the world after,that their songswere made known among the clans,those sung of Brynhildrburning in flameand the great Sigurðrbecoming one with her.

English translation: own translation.

Key concepts

  • Brynhildr , the poem's dominant figure; her rage, prophecy, and chosen death drive the entire plot
  • Sigurðr , the hero who falls victim to the memory-drink and others' oaths
  • Gjúkungar , the royal dynasty whose internal conflicts and oath-breaking lead to catastrophe
  • Gramr , the sword as symbol of fidelity: between bride and groom, between the dead on the pyre

Interpretive traditions

A What we know

Sigurðarkviða hin skamma is preserved in Codex Regius. Despite the name 'the short', it is at 71 stanzas the longest Sigurðr poem.

The poem presents a version where Sigurðr is slain outdoors, unlike Brot af Sigurðarkviðu which places the murder in the bed. Both versions were known in the tradition.

Brynhildr's request to be burned beside Sigurðr with the sword between them mirrors the wedding night and creates a symmetry binding together bride-deception and death scene.

Gutthormr's preparation through wolf-meat and serpent-flesh has parallels in the berserker tradition and in Völsunga saga.

B What we think we know

The poem's dating is debated. Its elaborate narrative and relatively late linguistic features have led several scholars to place it in the 12th-13th century, which would make it one of the latest-composed Eddic poems.

The relationship between this poem and Brot af Sigurðarkviðu, whether they represent two independent traditions or an older and a younger reworking, is a central text-critical question.

Brynhildr's prophecies about Guðrún's future (the Atli marriage, the child-murders) presuppose knowledge of the Atli poems, suggesting the poem was composed with the entire cycle's perspective.

C What we do not know

Whether the poem's title 'hin skamma' is original or a secondary rubric cannot be determined with current evidence. The title is paradoxical given the poem's length.

The exact relationship between the poem's pyre scene and archaeologically attested Norse cremation burials (double graves with weapons) remains unclear.

Sources and further reading

Primary sources

  • Neckel, Gustav, och Hans Kuhn. 1983. Edda: Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern. 5. uppl. Heidelberg: Winter.

Translations

  • Bellows, Henry Adams (trans.). 1923. The Poetic Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. (PD)
  • Larrington, Carolyne (trans.). 2014. The Poetic Edda. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Scholarly works

  • Lindow, John. 2001. Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Simek, Rudolf. 1993. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Angela Hall. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
  • de Vries, Jan. 1956–1957. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte. 2 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  • Turville-Petre, E. O. G. 1964. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Clunies Ross, Margaret. 1994–1998. Prolonged Echoes: Old Norse Myths in Medieval Northern Society, vols. I–II. Odense: Odense University Press.